The World s Oldest Profession - 3990 Words

Sex sells. Those two words mean everything in almost any industry. It is used to sell music, advertise for even cheeseburgers on commercials, and most definitely sells pornography, and movies. Prostitution is a taboo described as the world s oldest profession† worldwide, dating as far back as the 18th century BCE. Although forbidden by many religions, prostitution was practiced commonly by Greeks, Romans, China and other ancient cultures and civilizations. Ironically, it was from Mesopotamian religious practices that sex trade emerged from. Women would offer their ‘sacred’ body parts to men who would offer money to their temples. Even Jesus was known for sharing meals with ‘whores’ and ‘criminals’. Centuries later in 1915 it was prohibited to keep soldiers out of the brothels so they would be able to stay focused on the war, which is when the delegalization of prostitution sparked. After WWII, instead of repealing the laws, prostitution re mained illegal, but is now still discussed and present, and considered a very controversial personal and public conduct issue. The biggest discussion regarding prostitution is, in fact, the debate over its legalization and decriminalization. Although there are legitimate points for keeping the status of prostitution illegal, the benefits of legalizing prostitution, such as improving the quality of life of those in the business, outweigh the reasons for keeping it a criminal activity. The Prostitutes Education Network wrote in itsShow MoreRelatedThe World s Oldest Profession For Nothing1613 Words   |  7 Pagesany more than running a company like Enron is inherently immoral. It s how you do it that counts. And the reality is that it will happen anyway. It s not called the world s oldest profession for nothing. Why not make it, at the least, safe and productive?† -JEANNETTE ANGELL of A Wellness Perspective on Prostitution, Freedom, Religion, and More, Seek Wellness, Apr. 30 , 2005. Prostitution, known as the world s oldest profession, and it exists everywhere. In the event you leave the country, andRead MoreProstitution : The World s Oldest Profession3535 Words   |  15 Pagesprostitution will produce negative outcomes. Prostitution has been around for centuries but is becoming more of an issue in recent years. Out of all the professions in the world, prostitution is thought to have come before most. Gies said, â€Å"Prostitution, often known as the world’s oldest profession.† Prostitution has existed before most known professions in today’s time, but prostitution is becoming more controversial. In ancient Athens the state created brothels. According to an online article, â€Å"SolonRead MoreThe World s Oldest Profession2281 Words   |  10 PagesThe World’s Oldest Profession   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Prostitution is considered to be one of the world’s oldest professions. Prostitution is the occupation of engaging in sexual activity with someone for payment. Humans have been exchanging sex and money for thousands of years and it is something that persists today. In SuperFreakonomics Steven Levitt and Stephen Dubner explain that prostitution emerged due to the sexual desire of men. Men wanted more sex than they were able to receive for free. This created aRead MoreProstitution : The World s Oldest Profession895 Words   |  4 PagesProstitution, sometimes referred to as â€Å"the world’s oldest profession† (Henslin, pg. 54), is defined by James M. Henslin as â€Å"the renting of one’s body for sexual purposes† (pg. 54). This arrangement, though illegal and socially deviant in most parts of the world, exists universally in many different forms (pg. 54). As a matter of fact, types of prostitutes range greatly in variet y from call girls – who are said to be â€Å"the elite of prostitutes† (pg. 58), to streetwalkers – â€Å"who have the lowest statusRead MoreProstitution Is The World s Oldest Profession Essay1478 Words   |  6 Pagesâ€Å"Prostitution is said to be the world’s oldest profession. It is, indeed, a model of all professional work; the worker relinquishes control over himself†¦ in exchange for money. Because of this passivity it entails, this is a difficult and, for many, a distasteful role.† (Szasz) Prostitution is accompanied with criminalization and the stigma of impurity and danger. â€Å"The National Task Force on Prostitution suggests that over one million people in the US have worked as prostitutes (3).† (Toth) ThroughRead MoreTeaching Is One Of The World s Oldest Professions876 Words   |  4 Pages the one that helped you accomplish so many things and who was there for you when you need them to be. †¢ Now think! Where would you be without these teachers? Would you be where you are today? †¢ Maybe not! †¢ Teaching is one of the world’s oldest professions there is, and throughout history there are records of some pretty amazing teachers such as Plato, Socrates, and Aristotle, who said â€Å" educating the mind without educating the heart is no education at all†. †¢ Today I am not going to be talkingRead MoreProstitution Is A Single Right Definition For Prostitution1167 Words   |  5 PagesProstitution is something that has and always will be existent. It’s legal in many parts of the world and it has always been debated whether or not it should be legalized here in the US. There are many aspects to look when determining whether it is the right or wrong thing to legalize prostitution. But first we have define what exactly is prostitution. There’s not a single right definition for prostitution. We could look at the dictionary definition that’s the transfer of money for sexual activityRead MoreThe Legal Acceptance Of Prostitution1608 Words   |  7 PagesThe Legal Acceptance of Prostitution Prostitution is often called the oldest profession in the world. One of the First forms is scared prostitution supposedly practiced among Sumerians. In ancient sources (Herodotus, Thucydides) there are many traces of scared prostitution, starting perhaps with Babylon where each women had to reach once a year the sanctuary of Militia and have sex with a foreigner as a sign of hospitality for a symbolic price. Prostitution is the sale of sexual services (typicallyRead MoreThe Moral Issues Of Prostitution1585 Words   |  7 Pages2012). That means that almost 32% of the world’s population recognize Mary Magdalene as a Saint. Mary Magdalene is one of the most popular and revered women of history, yet Mary was a prostitute. Is it time that the U. S. Department of Justice legalize the worlds oldest profession in America? Could economic, health and safety reasons outweigh the moral issues of prostitution in a society that is now taking stances on issues that were once taboo? Prostitution in the United States has always hadRead MoreShould Prostitution Be Legalized?1725 Words   |  7 PagesProstitution Should Be Legalized Some say prostitution is the world s oldest profession. Yet, only a small percentage of the world’s government allows it. The legalization of prostitution is a very controversial topic due to many people’s moral beliefs. Prostitutes all over the world are treated as outcasts. A reason for people to be against prostitution could be due to their religious beliefs, moral standpoints, or lack of knowledge over the subject. Many religions state that sex outside of marriage

Survey ask 5 drivers about their knowledge Free Essays

What would you consider are outside and inside distractions while driving? Brian: inside is cellphone, radio, food, conversations, and kids. The outside distractions are, an accident on the road, construction, and any thing that catches interest. Ben: outside would be weather, advertisements, nice cars. We will write a custom essay sample on Survey: ask 5 drivers about their knowledge or any similar topic only for you Order Now Inside would be passengers, radio or phones or anything that involves music, also changing car settings like heat and AC. Meg: cell phone, conversations, food, makeup. Out side there are ads, other people, and the weather. Alexandra: In: cell phone, kids, dogs, food, Out: ads, other drivers, pedestrians, and animals Henry: outside there is advertisements, cars, really nice cars, homeless people, working people, running women, but inside there is the radio, heat, the dials, and passengers. Question #2: What would you do when approaching a traffic light that is flashing amber? Brian: slow down, and proceed with caution. Ben: slow down, proceed with cation and be alter for things out of the ordinary or onstruction. Meg: proceed with caution. Alexandra:slow down as much as possible, and proceed with caution. Henry: slow down, look around for any dangers, and continue with caution If one does not slow down, they may cause an accident with others that have, proceeding with caution is best advised, due to possible risks that may lay ahead. Question #3: When driving on a highway at 80 km/h the safe following distance is _. When would you increase this distance? Brian: two car lengths, at least. The space should be increased when the weather onditions are abnormal Ben: I would stay 3 seconds behind the car I front of my and increase that distance if I see anything a head that could be problematic like a merge lane, accident, construction Meg: three seconds approximately, but if the weather is bad, construction, or if there is traffic the space is increased. Alexandra: three seconds when the weather allows such. The time should be increased during rain, snow, ice and fog. Henry: 3-4 seconds, but increased when roads are slippery and/or wet, there is fog, and when it is snowing. If the following distance is not increased on highways when required, an accident may occur. The driver is putting him/her self in danger by not considering the adverse weather conditions, construction, and accidents. Question #4: What would you say are things that other drivers do that annoy you? Brian: tailgating, driving with your high beams on, texting, wearing headphones, not shoulder checking, and no signal usage. Ben: my number one most annoying thing that other cars do is not signal. Meg: when people cut me ott, or when they dont signal. It also bugs me when they’re to busy talking on their blue tooth to pay attention to what is happening around them. Alexandra: not signalling and cutting me off really gets me angry. Henry: women thinking that they can apply makeup while driving, tailgating, texting and not signalling, I believe that in order from most dangerous to least dangerous, these annoying actions are as listed: not signalling 2 texting 3 cutting off 4 tailgating 5 high beams 6 not shoulder-checking 7 talking on phone/blue tooth 8 make up How to cite Survey: ask 5 drivers about their knowledge, Papers

Food Fortification free essay sample

There is an estimated 2 billion cases of anaemia worldwide. ?In developing countries, anaemia prevalence rates are expected to be about 50% in pregnant women and infants under two years, 40% in school-aged children. ?Iron deficiency is estimated to be responsible for about 50% of all anaemia cases.? Reduced cognitive performance ? Lower work performance ?Increased risk of maternal and child mortality. Vitamin A? An estimated 254 million preschool children are vitamin A deficient. ?Increased risk of mortality in children and pregnant women ? Night blindness, xerophthalmia Iodine? An estimated 2 billion people have inadequate iodine nutrition and therefore are at risk of iodine deficiency disorders.? Birth defects and increased risk of stillbirth and infant mortality ? Impaired cognitive function ?Goitre Food fortification in Africa In Africa, about thirty six countries are routinely fortifying salt with iodine, and several of these, including Benin, Cameroon, Mali, Nigeria, and Zimbabwe have achieved high rates of salt iodization. Over 70% of all new-born babies are now protected from brain damage due to iodine deficiency. We will write a custom essay sample on Food Fortification or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Relief and development agencies, notably the World Food Programme (WFP), the United Nations key agency in the fight against hunger, increasingly require that the commodities they procure for distribution be fortified with key vitamins and minerals, according to international and national standards. Countries in Africa, particularly West Africa, represent some of the most nutritionally at risk and most food insecure populations in the world and the consequences are enormous. Sub-Saharan Africa is home to 14% of the world’s micronutrient malnourished populations, that is, nearly 170 million people are suffering from either vitamin A, iodine or iron deficiencies. Countries in Africa, particularly West Africa, represent some of the most nutritionally at risk and most food insecure populations in the world Market Analysis The world has recently started realising the full extent and impact of icronutrient malnutrition. Deficits in three key micronutrients — vitamin A, iron and iodine — remain a major concern to governments around the world. Governments, often assisted by international agencies and non-governmental organizations and industry, have for many decades taken steps to eliminate or reduce micronutrient deficiencies. Building on the impressive results of the reduction in iodine deficiency disorders (IDD) through the fortification of table salt with iodine, vigorous efforts are currently being made to address other micronutrient deficiencies through the fortification of appropriate foods. Micronutrients are added to foods at three levels: such as whole grain milled cereals, oils fats, sugar and salt BASIC FOODS such as breads, biscuits, packaged cereals and dairy products VALUE ADDED FOODS such as condiments, beverages convenience foods and sweets and candies Commonly Fortified Foods Across the World The most commonly fortified foods and associated nutrients are: FoodNutrient SaltIodine, Iron, Fluoride Wheat and Maize floursIron, Folic Acid, B Vitamins, Vitamin A, Zinc Cooking Oils and FatsVitamins A and D SugarVitamin A Condiments (Sauces)Iron MilkVitamins A and D, Iron Complementary FoodsIron, Folic Acid, B Vitamins, Vitamin A, Zinc Key Competitors/Major Players There are three key players in the production of vitamins and mineral premixes for both humans and animals. They include ? DSM Nutritional Product ?Lycored ?Provimi DSM nutritional products are one of the leading supplier of vitamins, carotenoids and other ingredients to the feed, food, pharmaceuticals industry. They manufacture and supply micronutrients blends and premixes. The business has sales of over EUR 2 billion and a long tradition as a pioneer in the discovery of new products, new formulations and attractive applications for all industry segments. LycoRed, headquartered in the UK, LycoRed is a global vitamin premix mineral premix supplier. It manufactures custom-made premixes for the food and dietary supplement industries. They provide vertical fortification solutions from innovative, proprietary ingredients through extensive formulation know-how. Provimi is a worldwide market leader in premixes. The company is headquartered in The Netherlands and it specializes in animal nutrition.

Wal mart Essay Example For Students

Wal mart Essay I am pro-choice. I am not one person, but many. Here is what I believe:The fetus is not a human, just a mass of tissue. Abortion is safer than childbirth. Every child should be a wanted child. The number of abortions is relatively small. Nobody has the right to impose their morals on me. A woman should be able to control her own body. Abortion must be kept legal, especially for all the rape and incest pregnancies. We will write a custom essay on Wal mart specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now If abortion is outlawed women will be forced to go to back-alley abortion clinics. Aborting unwanted children reduces the number of abused children. We need to remember that we are overpopulating the planet. Planned Parenthood is a group that focuses on contraception. Pro-life people are diverse in economic status, race, religion, and education. Yet, they are unified by the concept that all humans, especially the innocent unborn, have an inherent right to life. Here are things I believe as a Pro-Life person:I believe that the unborn child is human. I believe that abortion is fundamentally a Civil Rights issue, I believe that the Roe v. Wade decision, legalizing abortion on demand in America, was one of the most important and devastating Supreme Court decisions. I believe that a constitutional amendment should be passed that gives equal protection to all living humans, including the unborn. I believe that the violence inside and outside abortion clinics is morally wrong. I believe that rape and incest are horrible crimes and should be punished, but I dont believe that a child conceived from either should be killed. I do not believe that the government should fund abortions. Being a religious person, I believe that the Bible backs up my views on abortion.

Writing College Entrance Essays

Writing College Entrance Essays For most students, the first essay they write as a college requirement is also the most important one. The college entrance essay is a daunting task that requires as much candor as it does nuance, and the formula-driven essay assignments in high school language arts classes are a far cry from what admissions committees typically expect. In addition, competition for admission into the nations top universities is steadily tightening. As students, parents, and guidance counselors recognize the necessity of obtaining a respected degree in todays job market, applicants wisely vie for the slots that will give them the greatest chances in competing for the best career opportunities.So is it possible for the average student to stand out when writing college entrance essays? And how important is it to focus a great deal of time and effort on this endeavor? The answer to these questions is†¦ very! In many cases, a students college entrance essay overshadows his or her grades, extracurricu lar activities, and academic achievements. Admissions committees want to know who a student is as a person; all the impressive numbers and name-dropping do not necessarily reveal that. The college entrance essay is most often the only chance that committees have to see students for who they really are, know their individual struggles and intent, and connect on a personal level with them.Often students ask, How do I know what to write? A 500-word limit doesnt allow a lot of room for ineffective and unnecessary information, and the process of weeding out what is important and what isnt can be overwhelming. That word cap is placed for a reason: committees dont want to read your life story, they simply want a type of written snapshot of your past, present, and future. Think of it as a first impression- the kind of introduction that does not come with a lot of detailed information. With this in mind, the easiest way to begin a college admissions essay is to ask yourself: What first impre ssion do I want to make?When you introduce yourself to a stranger, do you divulge a lot of information about your childhood experiences? Do you get on a soapbox about politics and world peace? Do you make a lot of excuses or offer lengthy explanations about possible faults on your academic record? Or, do you use clear and straightforward tactics to show that you are professional, to demonstrate that you have a sense of humor and self-worth, and to clearly outline what you hope to achieve from the meeting? Hopefully, you choose the latter, and this is exactly what you should do when writing a college entrance essay.The most common mistake that students make when writing college entrance essays is saying too much about what is unimportant and not enough about what is most important. When a student uses two paragraphs of a 500-word count essay discussing his or her academic achievements, it is a waste of opportunity. Such achievements are generally noted on your application and referen ce letters, and do not need excessive reiteration. A sentence or two highlighting the greatest of your achievements is sufficient; any more, and you run the risk of being repetitive.Academic achievements, classes taken, grades, and community service are typically included in your transcripts and application itself, and should be given limited space in a college entrance essay. However, there are pieces of information that are not always shown in the actual application or transcripts. Such information could include why you chose a particular college or career path, who influenced you the most and why, and positive qualities about yourself that will make you a successful college student. These are all questions that the admissions committee will have about you, and questions that will reveal a lot to them about your goals, your motivation, your personality, and your intent.Admissions committees also like to know how serious you are about becoming a part of their school. They like to t hink that if they are turning down another student in order to give you an open slot, it is because you really want the opportunity to attend their school. This is why it is key to include clear reasons why you chose a particular school, and how it stands apart from the rest in your search. Never let an admissions committee know that you have applied to several schools, and that they are simply one of the many on your list. A vast majority of universities still embrace exclusivity, tradition, and loyalty in their decision-making process, and seek students who will be proud of being a part of the campus body.Finally- and most importantly- you should seek to show personality and human-ness in your writing. Often, students assume that the admissions essay should reflect their scholastic ability, and make the mistake of being overly pretentious and academic in their approach to writing. While a college entrance essay should certainly be free of grammatical and structural problems, it is never advisable to talk down to your audience, or write as if you are preparing a dissertation before you even begin your university studies. Humor, in small doses, is an excellent approach to counter the tendency to be excessively academic- as is carefully considered candor. Such writing will create a personal bond between the essay writer and audience, keeping him or her in the position of being a memorable applicant.

The Ups and Downs of Left and Right

The Ups and Downs of Left and Right The Ups and Downs of â€Å"Left† and â€Å"Right† The Ups and Downs of â€Å"Left† and â€Å"Right† By Mark Nichol Left has gotten a bad rap throughout history. Because of overwhelming majority of people are right-handed (most estimates are in the range of 85 to 90 percent), left-handedness has come to be associated with weakness the word left itself is descended from an Old English word meaning â€Å"weak.† Left-handedness was therefore until recently often seen as undesirable, and even well into the twentieth century, parents and teachers often forced left-handed children to use their right hand for writing, eating, and other basic activities. Even now, â€Å"a left-handed compliment† (also described as â€Å"a backhanded compliment†), refers to an ostensibly positive comment that is explicitly or implicitly an insult. Idioms that employ left to describe an undesirable or unusual situation include â€Å"two left feet,† referring to a clumsy dancer, and â€Å"out of left field,† meaning an unexpected comment or idea. (The latter, however, is not necessarily derogatory.) We also use left to refer to something that remains behind as a result of deliberate action or accidental oversight. Another common idiom with a negative connotation, one using this sense of left, is â€Å"left a lot to be desired.† The equivalents of left in other languages have similarly pejorative meanings. Gauche, the French word for left, also means â€Å"tactless, crude, socially inept† in English as well as French. The opposite, droit, is the root word of maladroit, which means â€Å"incompetent, inept, unsuitable.† (English has adopted and adapted that term as adroit literally, â€Å"to the right,† and meaning â€Å"appropriate† as well as maladroit.) Sinister, from the Latin word for â€Å"on the left,† came to be associated with inauspicious or unlucky events, and was borrowed by French and later English to mean â€Å"evil.† In heraldry, it refers to the right-hand side of a coat of arms (the left-hand side from the point of view of the bearer of a shield, from which the coat of arms derived), opposite the dexter, or right, side. From the Latin element dextr-, meaning â€Å"on the right,† borrowed into English as dexter, we also get the adjective dexterous, meaning â€Å"clever, skillful.† Right itself means â€Å"good, correct,† and that’s the originally connotation when referring to the right hand it’s the correct one to use. Among the many idioms suggesting the positive connotation are â€Å"right-hand man† and â€Å"the right stuff.† (The use of right and leftto refer to political ideology, each often capitalized when referring to adherents as a collective, came from the revolutionary era in France: The conservative party in the National Assembly called itself the Droit, the â€Å"right† party. The liberal faction, in opposition, came to be referred to as the â€Å"left.†) Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Expressions category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:20 Great Similes from Literature to Inspire YouPeace of Mind and A Piece of One's Mind5 Tips to Understand Hyphenated Words

Analysis of Lifelong Learning Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Analysis of Lifelong Learning - Term Paper Example As serious, lifelong conditions, these disorders have generated important challenges to the systems that relate to the individuals with disabilities including educational, vocational, medical, and psychiatric systems. Diagnosis: The paired processes of diagnosis and classification of these developmental disorders characterized by disability in many spheres of function are fundamental to intervention. The diagnostic process includes all of the activities in which a clinician engages in trying to understand the nature of an individual's difficulty. The result of this process is often a narrative account, a portrait of the individual's past, the current problems, and the ways in which these problems can be related to each other and to possible underlying causes. In the course of the diagnostic process, the clinician will learn about the patient's history, observe the patient, engage in specialized investigations, and use laboratory and other methods for helping define the patient's problems and their causes. The clinician will integrate the findings from these activities based on specialized scientific knowledge. Often more than one clinician may be involved in the diagnostic process; then, the final clinical diagnostic formulation will integrate the pooled information into a coherent and consensual narrative that reflects the varied information. One component of the diagnostic process is the assignment of the patient's difficulties, signs, symptoms, pains, troubles, worries, dysfunctions, and abnormal tests to a specific class or category of illness or disorder. The newer methods of classification of developmental, psychiatric, behavioral, and mental disorders respect the distinction between diagnosing an individual and classifying his or her problems (CDC, 2004). Early Intervention Priorities: For early intervention priorities, it is to be remembered that there is no obvious physical marker for most of the conditions. The problems that result from neurobehavioural disabilities often get directed at the caregiver. These disabilities are harder to accept since these children do not ask for help in the usual lovable way. Unless one validates the problems as true disabilities, one will dismiss the problems, and instead, blame the person as being uncontrollable. The starting point for the intervention is an atypical child and his or her dysfunctions. With such disabilities, most of these children fail to learn. The early intervention priorities, therefore, deploy strategies that hammer away at the area of deficit and strategies that effectively circumvent it. In dyslexia, for example, Orton-Gillingham, a structured, multisensory approach, stressing phonics grounded on language-based learning processes, is the hammer-away approach, whereas using bo oks on tape is the circumvent approach. Both types of interventions have their essential and legitimate uses.  Ã‚  

Political and Economic Factors, than influence ICT Developments in Assignment

Political and Economic Factors, than influence ICT Developments in Greece - Assignment Example This paper presents a brief informative analysis of the current level of ICT utilization in Greece economy. The economy of the world exudes deep influences from developments in ICT. This is evident as indicated by the fact that every contemporary business in the world focuses on the integration if ICT in order to obtain some of the benefits that they offer. For the success of e-commerce in Greece, it would be necessary for the government to develop policies that encourages the implementation of ICT through the adaptation of the technological applications into the various activities. The Greek economy has a lot of microenterprises and SMEs, which consider ICT as unnecessary. The reason for the exclusion of ICT by the enterprises is that the immediate benefits of the integration might seemingly not outweigh the investments in the ICT infrastructure. In order for the government to get involved in the development of a suitable framework for the achievement of economic growth, it decided to operate within the framework of the European Union, which has some programs specifically for enterprises. The government ensures that it takes advantage of ICT initiatives through training the members of staff, which ensures an indisputable acquisition of ICT benefits to the economy. The disadvantage of this is that funding for the training programs is in adequate The political factors that have an influence on the development of ICT in the Greek market are somehow related to the economic factors.

Psychology and Personality Essay Example for Free

Psychology and Personality Essay The study of personality has a broad and varied history in psychology with an abundance of theoretical traditions. The major theories include dispositional trait perspective, psychodynamic, humanistic, biological, behaviorist, and social learning perspective. However, many researchers and psychologists do not explicitly identify themselves with a certain perspective and instead take an eclectic approach. Research in this area is empirically driven, such as dimensional models, based on multivariate statistics, such as factor analysis, or emphasizes theory development, such as that of the psychodynamic theory. There is also a substantial emphasis on the applied field of personality testing. In psychological education and training, the study of the nature of personality and its psychological development is usually reviewed as a prerequisite to courses in abnormal psychology or clinical psychology. Personality Paper Personality is connected with Darwins Theory of Evolution. It generally explains why there are personality differences between individuals.[ Schacter, Daniel; Gilbert, Daniel; Wegner, Daniel (2011).] Personality also refers to the pattern of thoughts, feelings, social adjustments, and behaviors consistently exhibited over time that strongly influences ones expectations, self-perceptions, values, and attitudes. It also predicts human reactions to other people, problems, and stress.[ Winnie, J.F. Gittinger, J.W. (1973)][ Krauskopf, C.J. Saunders, D.R, (1994)] There is still no universal consensus on the definition of personality in psychology. Gordon Allport described two major ways to study personality: the nomothetic and the idiographic. Nomothetic psychology seeks general laws that can be applied to many different people, such as the principle of self-actualization or the trait of extraversion. Idiographic psychology is an attempt to understand the unique aspects of a particular individual. The study of personality has a broad and varied history in psychology with an abundance of theoretical traditions. The major theories include dispositional trait perspective, psychodynamic, humanistic, biological, behaviorist, and social learning perspective. However, many researchers and psychologists do not explicitly identify themselves with a certain perspective and instead take an eclectic approach. Research in this area is empirically driven, such as dimensional models, based on multivariate statistics, such as factor analysis, or emphasizes theory development, such as that of the psychodynamic theory. There is also a substantial emphasis on the applied field of personality testing. In psychological education and training, the study of the nature of personality and its psychological development is usually reviewed as a prerequisite to courses in abnormal psychology or clinical psychology. Perspectives of Personality Many of the ideas developed by historical and modern personality theorists stem from the basic philosophical assumptions they hold. The study of personality is not a purely empirical discipline, as it brings in elements of art, science, and philosophy to draw general conclusions. Freedom versus determinism This idea seeks to answer whether humans have control over their own behavior and understand the motives behind it or our behavior is causally determined by forces beyond our control. Behavior is categorized as being unconscious, environmental, or biological by various theories. [Engler, Barbara (2008)]. Heredity versus environment Personality is thought to be determined largely by genetics and biology, by environment and experiences, or by some combination resulting thereof. Contemporary research suggests that most personality traits are based on the joint influence of genetics and environment. One of the forerunners in this arena is C. Robert Cloninger, who pioneered the Temperament and Character model.[ Engler, Barbara (2008).] Uniqueness versus universality This is the argument discussing the extent of each humans individuality Uniqueness or similarity in nature Universality. Gordon Allport, Abraham Maslow, and Carl Rogers were all advocates of the uniqueness of individuals. Behaviorists and cognitive theorists, in contrast, emphasize the importance of universal principles, such as reinforcement and self-efficacy.[ Engler, Barbara (2008).] Optimistic versus pessimistic Personality theories differ with regard to whether humans are integral in the changing of their own personalities. Theories that place a great deal of emphasis on learning are often more optimistic than those that do not. [Engler, Barbara (2008)]. Three Theories of Personality Development The study of personality is based on the essential insight that all people are similar in some ways, yet different in others.[ Phares, E.J.; Chaplin, W.F. (1997).] There have been many different definitions of personality proposed. However, many contemporary psychologists agree on the following definition: Personality is that pattern of characteristic thoughts, feelings, and behaviors that distinguishes one person from another and that persists over time and situations. [Phares, E.J.; Chaplin, W.F. (1997)]. Trait theories According to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of the American Psychiatric Association, personality traits are enduring patterns of perceiving, relating to, and thinking about the environment and oneself that are exhibited in a wide range of social and personal contexts. Theorists generally assume that a) traits are relatively stable over time, b) traits differ among individuals, and c) traits influence behavior. They consistently are used in order to help define people as a whole. Traits are relatively constant; they do not usually change. Traits are also bipolar; they vary along a continuum between one extreme and the other (e.g. friendly vs. unfriendly).[ Feist, Jess Feist, Gregory J. (2009).] Behaviorist theories Behaviorists explain personality in terms of the effects external stimuli have on behavior. The approaches used to analyze the behavioral aspect of personality are known as behavioral theories or learning-conditioning theories. These approaches were a radical shift away from Freudian philosophy. One of the major tenets of this concentration of personality psychology is a strong emphasis on scientific thinking and experimentation. Humanistic theories Humanistic psychology emphasizes that people have free will and that this plays an active role in determining how they behave. Humanistic therapy typically relies on the client for information of the past and its effect on the present, therefore the client dictates the type of guidance the therapist may initiate. This allows for an individualized approach to therapy. Personality Tests There are two major types of personality tests, projective and objective. Projective tests assume personality is primarily unconscious and assess an individual by how he or she responds to an ambiguous stimulus, such as an ink blot. Projective tests have been in use for about 60 years and continue to be used today. Objective tests assume personality is consciously accessible and measure it by self-report questionnaires. Research on psychological assessment has generally found objective tests are more valid and reliable than projective tests. Critics have pointed to the Forer effect to suggest some of these appear to be more accurate and discriminating than they really are. Issues within Testing Issues with these tests include, false reporting because there is no way to tell if an individual is answering a question honestly or accurately. Conclusion There are many theories on how a person develops a certain type of personality. A person’s personality is what defines them in all aspects of their life. People believe that you are molded into what you are today, but theories have proven that some people lead by example and some learn by example. If anyone is curious as to what type of personality they have, there are my types of assessments available to take that can tell you.

Insights On De Tocquevilles Democracy In America :: essays research papers

Insights on De Tocqueville's Democracy In America It has been said that a French aristocrat Alexis de Tocqueville, who visited the United States in the 1830's, "understood us" in a way that few observers (foreign and domestic) have. Furthermore, Tocqueville's Democracy in America is often cited by present-day critics because so many of the observations in it seem extraordinarily suitable even more than one hundred and fifty years later. Alexis de Tocqueville was born 1805 into a minor noble family, in which his grandfather had been guillotined during the French Revolution. He had come to the United States in 1831 to study the prison system, in which he did not do, instead he wrote Democracy in America. He had stayed in the United States through February 1832 for about nine months, so intrigued by democracy, majority rule, and the absence of social hierarchy. Democracy in America was first published in 1825, full of observations and interpretations, was written as a sort of warning for European readers; "Is this what you want?" he asks. This book was famous for two accurate predictions, one, the U.S. would someday be a world power as would Russia, second, race would prove to be the most intractable problem for the U.S. One of Tocqueville's observations about the United States is that he thought there is no country in the civilized world that is less attention paid philosophy than the United States. This is applicable to American life in 1997 because the whole world is practically joined to the United States. Just about every country in the world trades with, tours in, and watches for the United States. What I mean by watches is that they practically always know what's going on (except for the top-secret things) in the United States, whether it be by television, computers, or satellites they know what the U.S. is doing. The U.S. is basically a "free-for-all" county; the laws and schools are less strict than other countries such as, Japan in which the students there have to go to school six days a week with much more homework then U.S. schools. Another observation of Alexis is that religion is associated with all the customs of the nation and all the feelings of patriotism. Another way of saying this that there is a religion for everyone. This is still true in 1997 because everyone has there own belief and goes to the church or believes in the religion that they desire. The religious person believes in what he or she wants to believe in and in most case respects what another persons religion might be.

Equality between Man and Women’s Controversy

Equality has been a controversial issue ever since time began. Whether it be race, sex, or religion, it has always been an unsettled topic of concern. Equality between men and women is often brought into society. I think men and women should be treated equal from all perspectives. Gender is what makes women different from men, but does not make women incapable of compiling valuable choices. Women and men have the ability to make decisions that will benefit all people in a fair way. As it is, men are most often oted into our government for their ability to make law abiding decisions. It is my personnel belief that women have the intelligence to do the same. The views of John and Abigail Adams, as well as Benjamin Rush, illustrate the different opinions regarding John and Abigail Adams have animosity relating to the subject of equality. My interpretation is that Abigail Adams believes that women should be recognized in the republican society. Abigail threatens a rebellion if herself and other women are not given he attention and care they so desire. She speaks of the neglect in education to the daughters whereas John thinks the sons are being deprived of education. John Adams plainly laughs at his wife†s remarks. He explains the turbulence that has broken out among governments everywhere, due to the absolute power of husbands over their wives. It is brought to me that John Adams believes, and will forever believe, in the absolute power of men in the republican society. Abigail Adams feels that women should have ore of an opportunity in the republican society. John Adams believes that the masculine system is fine as it is. According to Benjamin Rush, women†s education is extremely important. He believes that female education should be accommodated to the welfare of society, manner, and the government of the country. As I understand it, Rush wants women to be educated in these things so that they can intelligently instruct their children in the same way. He ensures that learning vocal music will make domestic life more soothing and ossibly easier. It will take away the distress of noisy children and a husband. Benjamin Rush looks highly upon novels and believes that reading them will make a young lady more of a humanitarian. He states that some men think of a woman that is educated in morals, physical and religious truth, is unfriendly to the domestic character of a women. He goes on to say that this statement is the prejudice of men with little minds. Primarily, Rush concludes that if females were better educated, they would be more useful in domestic life. Children would learn wisdom in all aspects if their mothers were better educated. Benjamin Rush is a smart man and I agree with a lot of his writing. Men and women should always be treated as equals. John and Abigail had a different opinion on that. She believed they should and he believed they shouldn†t. Rush believed that if women were educated on the same things as men, life all together would Equality has long been a major issue in society. As for myself, there is no reason that any one person should be treated better or worse than the next.

Sociology

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