Recycled Rubber Tyres as Aggregate in Concrete Essay

Recycled Rubber Tyres as Aggregate in Concrete - Essay Example The paper tells that the ability to change the levels of consumption in the UK is one which is essential to the needs to create a sustainable world and to alter the pollutants which are coming from different resources. A technology which is being created is with the use of recycled rubber tyres. There is the option of allowing this to work as an aggregate in concrete, specifically to begin changing the consumption in the UK and to begin lowering the number of toxins with the tyre production that occurs every year. While there is a large amount of consumption and changes with the tyres, there is also a question of whether the aggregate in the concrete is able to create the same substance and material responses as other forms of technology for concrete. This is able to alter and change the way in which the aggregate can be used while determining if the tyres can be recycled into a different substance for other needs. The first question which is associated with the recycled rubber parti cles is based on the understanding of cement paste and how it responds and reacts to the rubber tyre particles being added as a part of it. In a study of Segre Joekes, there was a modification to the cement by adding in rubber tyre powder to the aggregate. The study looked at the cement paste and the way that the surface began to change after a period of 20 minutes. The substance was examined in terms of absorption, density, flexural strength, compressive strength, abrasion resistance, elasticity and fracture energy measurements. The measurement then looked at the level of Sodium Hydroxide (NaOH) with the rubber. It was found that the rubber not only assisted with the mix of the materials in the cement but also increased the level of flexibility, durability, toughness and compressive strength. The conclusion was not only with the improvement of quality with the cement. It was noted that by using the rubber tyres as a part of the cement, different formats for roads and other road con struction areas could be used. The substance which was created from the recycled rubber tyres is one which is not as course, meaning that the use on road construction can help with more durability and sustainability with the recycled rubber (Segre, Joekes, 2000: 1421). The overall changes which were made with the concrete also refer to the rubber tyres changing the properties of the cement to create different levels of substance to be used in different areas. The association with tyres is one which is able to automatically change and assist with the overall needs and properties for strength, specifically with roads and areas which have continuous use and fluctuation. The changes with the cement also show that the use of magnesium oxychloride, a natural property found in rubber, is able to provide more functioning for the cement. This particular substance is able to work to bind the concrete mixtures in a way that improves the strength and durability of the substance. The rubberized concrete not only has the ability to directly impact and improves the concrete which is used. The magnesium oxychloride as a binding substance can help in changing the way in which concrete is used and allows the mixture to provide even more solutions to the substance. The substance differs with the types of tyres which are used, amount that is mixed with the concrete and is dependent on factors such as unit weight, air content and slump. Incorporating these into the mixture is then noted as essential for creating the correct mixture and alternatives with the rubber tyres and concrete mix that is used (Siddique, Naik, 2004: 563). 2.2 Compressive Strength The additional alternatives which are a part of the rubber tyres used in aggregate

Six Keys to the Arts Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Six Keys to the Arts - Essay Example Standard visitors can be bored or not get interested due to the readings or educational content in a museum, consequently, a museum should promote enjoyment relatively to learning. This is because; such category of the museum can be designed to be visually stunning by obtaining interactive events or even games in the section of its exhibitions. A person should focus on education by concentrating on exhibition to try and teach people about things that they do not know. More often than not, the history included in the museum. To promote cultural competent, as well as, linguistically necessary exchanges there must exist collaboration among families, professionals, students, and communities. Where these collaborations encourage equitable outcomes for all students and result in the identification and provision of services that are responsible for issues of race, culture, gender and social, economic status. Anthropology is all about the scientific study of human culture as well as their biological relation. It tries to define what human beings are, by either through historically, socially, and biologically. Culture has been defined by a wide range of behavior patterns and knowledge learned and acquired by a society of people. One of the institutions that promote culture is museums, where cultural sensitivity in museums is attributed to main race, age and color. Some of the cultural conflict experienced in museums includes information about divergent roles of women in family decisions as well as practices and symbol systems among cultural groups. Museums are institutions where the core values of a culture are acquired. Such institutions can determine one’s culture through educative and historical narratives, where museums personnel have the responsibilities of making instructions that is culturally responsive to all students without favoring one group over the other.  

Trade policies: The WTO Success And Failures

Trade policies: The WTO Success And Failures A Review of the Theory Trade between nations has always been an intriguing issue. Some argue that there should be a complete allowance of trade between countries and on the other hand some say that this would be disastrous for many countries that would lose from such a decision. In understanding why would a country seek trading with other countries and whether free trade should be introduced in the world, we have to take into account some basic theories from the past. Adam Smith, was the first person to attempt to give a reason for this in the late 18th century. In his book, Wealth of Nations, he tried to give a good reason to promote free trade, through his absolute advantage theory. In his theory he first used a comparison between nations and households. The concept of this example was simple. The master of a family would never choose to produce something at home that is going to cost less by buying it. And this is a fact because doing so, he would gain more time to produce something else. This is the same case as for countries. A country would prefer to buy a product, if the cost of producing it, would be higher than buying it. This country would gain the opportunity cost of using the spare time from not producing that good, to produce something else. In order to show this, he used the term of absolute advantage of one country over another in producing a good. A country is supposed to have an absolute advantage in producing a good if a worker o f that country is able to produce higher amounts of this good than a worker of the same industry in another country. To define and measure this advantage he used labor productivity and production cost and compared them between countries. Thus, Adam Smith explained the benefits of free trade, and showed that trade helps every single country to make the most of its absolute advantage in constructing some products. Generally, the overall level of wages in countries is determined by absolute advantage, and trade patterns are determined by comparative advantage. To sum up with, a country is more affluent with trade, without being an disbursement to the other country. This theory was something very important for that period because it introduced the free trade idea to many governments. On the other hand, it had a big imperfection. In a case in which a country would have absolute advantage in all products over another country (and the world was following his  [1]  theory thoroughly), n o trade would occur between these two countries, because of no absolute advantage existence. This is when David Ricardo introduced his own theory of comparative advantage, to give an answer and solution to this imperfection. In his theory, he entails that a country doesnt need to have absolute advantage over another country in order to trade a good. He combined the theories of comparative advantage and opportunity cost, to prove that a country will export the goods and services that it can produce at a low opportunity cost and import the goods and services that it would otherwise produce at a high opportunity cost (Pugel, 2009). According to comparative advantage theory, the living standards of these countries are going to boost because of trading, because the resulting world pattern of production faces higher efficiency instead of each country producing only for its own market. If this theory is accurate, globalization is beneficial for every society, to the extent that living standards are higher and prices for goods are lower. In conclusion, Ricardo proved that advantageo us trade can arise even if one country is less productive at producing all products, on condition that, these countries will have different relative advantage or disadvantage on the production of different goods. An alternative to Ricardos model came up in the early 19th century. Heckscher-Olin theory, which predicts, that a country exports the product(s) that use its relatively abundant factor(s) intensively and imports the product(s) using its relatively scarce factor(s) intensively. The H-O theory focuses on another important source of production-side differences. There exist some basic assumptions that have to hold in order for two countries to trade goods with each other, according to H-O theory. First of all, there has to be a condition in which major factors of production are not found in the same amount in both countries and that these two goods being produced, will require either relatively more labor or relatively more capital. When a country has a relatively higher amount of capital, it specializes in producing capital-intensive goods, while on the other hand, the country with the relatively higher amount of labor, is going to specialize in the production of labor-intensive goods. Furthermore, another condition that has to stand is that there will be no movements of labor and capital between the two countries. In addition, these countries will have to be in a market environment in which, transporting goods between countries has no associated costs. The final assumption required, is that the citizens of these two nations have the same wants. To conclude with, the prediction that comes out of Heckscher-Olin theory is that a country exports products that use the countrys relatively abundant factors more intensively. They exchange these products for imports of products that have an intensive usage of the countrys relatively limited factors. Specialization in production and trade generates a higher standard-of-living for the countries involved, according to the H-O theory. The problem arising from this theory is that it is not taking the trade of capital goods into consideration. Moreover, capital and labor are fixed components endowed to each country. These main theories give emphasis to differences in production conditions instead of tastes. Ricardos argument was that, because countries have different comparative advantages in producing different goods, trade is profitable. The Heckscher-Ohlin theory agrees that comparative advantages in production are the basis for trade, but H-O explains comparative advantage in terms of underlying differences in factor endowments. Each country tends to export those goods that intensively use its relatively abundant factors of production (Pugel, 2009). The evidence is that the H-O theory explains a fine part of the worlds actual trade patterns sensibly well, but that some significant aspects of trade patterns do not square easily with H-O (Pugel, 2009). Most economists favor letting nations trade freely, with few tariffs or other barriers to trade. The striking consensus in favor of free trade is based primarily on a body of economic analysis demonstrating that there are usually net gains from free trade, both for nations and the world. Trade affects production and the quantity of consumption in a country. In the country importing a good, it is doing so, by raising consumption and by lowering the production of that single good. On the same time, it is raising production of that good in the exporting country, but we cannot be sure whether it is going to lower or raise the quantity of consumption of that single good. We can say that both countries gain from trade. That is because it makes, both the exporting as well as the importing nation, better off in the net national sense. Each countrys net national gains are proportional to the change in its price from its no-trade value, so the country whose prices are disrupted more by trade, gains more (Pugel, 2009). A further source of national gains from trade is that the variety of products that become available to consumers, increases through imports, because of the countrys opening to trade. The economic well-being of consumers increases when they are able to choose from a wider variety of goods. Another source of national gains, comes from international competition, which can lower the prices of domestic goods, bringing extra gains to home consumers. It is quite interesting to have a look on who are the gainers and who are the losers, from opening trade. To do so, we need to make a distinction between the short run and long run effects of open trade. In the short run, we can say that those consuming the goods being imported and those producing exportable goods, are the main gainers. To find losers and gainers from trade, in the long run, we need to examine the findings of the Stolper-Samuelson theorem. This theorem shows that in long run, a person that is making his living by selling a factor that is more abundant in his country, in respect to other countries, is able to gain from trade. And this is a fact regardless of the goods he might be consuming, or the sector he might be working in. On the other hand, a person that makes his living by selling a factor that is relatively scarce in his country, can lose from trade. Again, this is a fact regardless of the goods he might be consuming, or the sector he might be working in. But free trade is not accomplished due to trade policies and barriers that countries put up, according to their own benefits. Kinds of policies like these, with all their consequences are explained in the following section. Trade Policies and The Role of the WTO A tariff is a tax imposed by a country on the import of a good or service, which custom officials accumulate at the place of import. There are two major kinds of such taxes. A specific tariff is described as the total sum of money that should be given for each unit of import (dollars per ton of steel bars). An ad valorem tariff, is a percentage of the estimated market value of the goods when they reach the importing country (Pugel, 2009). In general, a tariff is going to be beneficial for domestic producers, competing against imports, but on the other hand, it is going to hurt all the domestic consumers that buy this imported good, forcing them to suffer from higher prices for the consumption of the same good. Furthermore the effect of a tariff that is not so high as to end the imports, for a government, is an increase on this governments revenue. This government could use this extra revenue for projects that will benefit the nations wellbeing. Through years, several empirical effect s of placing tariffs can be made. We can say that putting up a tariff reduces in almost every case the overall worlds, as well as, each nations welfare. Another impact of using a tariff is that it benefits those groups that produce goods or services that can be used as substitutes for the taxed import. Another kind of trade policies is the nontariff barrier (NTB) and it is a policy that governments use in order to reduce number of imports. This is accomplished by several effects. For example, the cost of getting imports into a market is increased, and also it generates uncertainty over the conditions under which imports are going to be allowed. This is different than a usual import tariff. The most common nontariff barrier is import quota, with which, a government can restrict the import of a product into the country, above a specified limit of total quantity, during a period of time. The direct effect of NTB is on quantity. Protectionists and government officers might decide on putting up quotas instead of tariffs for many reasons. One of them is that a quota, guarantees that there is a strict limitation on the imports quantity, quite the opposite to a tariff. A result of such a quota, is that government officials end up with greater power. Furthermore, there are some other nontariff barriers. One of them is the voluntary export restraint (VER), which is a case in which an importing country government pressurizes with many ways the foreign exporting country to restrict its exports to this country. Just like an NTB, the direct effect of VER is on quantity. Voluntary export restraint results in the form of a cartel among the foreign producers, who agree not to export a good to the importing country that negotiated the VER. This leads to an increase of the foreign countrys price for this specific good, as well as a decrease for the revenue of the importing government because it suffers from the cut of a tariff for this imported good. To sum up with, VERs have negative effects on the welfare of both the importing and exporting nations, who suffer from higher prices and lower variety of the goods being cut from exports and imports. Another nontariff barrier, is a tariff-quota. This kind of a barrier, allows imports with a low or zero tariff into the country, but up to a specified quantity, and imposes a higher tariff on imports above this quantity. In this way it manages to have a direct effect on quantity of imports, because, by placing a very high tariff, it makes the import above the specified quantity unaffordable. A further nontariff barrier, is the Government procurement. This is a case, when a government that buys a quantity of a good, is placing law and government rules that favor local products. This barrier has direct effects on the quantity and the cost of importing this good. Moreover, another NTB is the, Local content and mixing requirements. With this barrier governments succeed a direct effect on the quantity of an import, by requiring a specified use of local labor, materials, or other products. An additional NTB is, Import Licensing ,which, by requiring from importers to apply for approvals for intended imports accomplishes direct effects on the cost of the import and also it creates uncertainty on whether this import is going to be made. Protectionism against import competition for a product has several results. First of all, it is clearly beneficial for domestic producers, by increasing the domestic production of a product. In addition, it harms domestic consumers on the purchase of this product, who suffer from higher prices. Furthermore because of protectionism, this product faces a decrease on its domestic consumption. It is probably harmful for the importing nation as a whole and furthermore, it is almost surely harmful for the world as a whole. On the other hand protectionism results in increasing government revenues and, in addition, the distribution of income or well-being in the country is being altered. Evidence (that associate trade with economic growth and jobs) [1,500] These are some of the reasons for the creation of the World Trade Organization (WTO). The WTO espouses three major principles: first of all, reductions of barriers to trade, furthermore, nondiscrimination principle (MFN), and finally, reduction of unfair encouragement for exports. The General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) The General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) was signed in 1947 by 23 countries and focused directly on international trade issues. From 1948 to 1994, the GATT was putting up the rules on which world trade was accomplished. GATT was provisional with a limited field of action, but in its over 47 years of existence it succeeded promoting and securing the liberalization of much of world trade. With continuous reductions in tariffs it resulted in very high rates of world trade growth. During the Uruguay Round, the rush of new members confirmed that the multilateral trading system was recognized as an instrument for development and economic and trade improvement. Under the GATT, eight rounds of multilateral trade negotiations were pursued by the member countries, with the purpose of lowering barriers. In the first five rounds they based their discussions on reductions of tariff rates, using item-by-item negotiations, where there was an agreement that the largest trading countries would reduce tariffs, extend them to all members, keeping the MFN nondiscrimination principle in mind. This means that GATT did not address other areas of trade, for example agriculture and services, even though they represented a considerable share in world trade. Through years, GATT was facing more and more problems because of its structure. Globalization of the world economy was ongoing, GATT rules were not covering trade-in services, which was becoming more and more interesting for countries, and international investment had expanded. World merchandise trade was further increasing and this was tied up closely to the expansion of services. These and other reasons were convincing enough for GATT members to attempt to reinforce and extend the multilateral system. That effort resulted in the Uruguay Round, the Marrakesh Declaration, and the creation of the WTO (World Trade Organization). The World Trade Organization An international agreement in the early 1990s led to the establishment of the World Trade Organization (WTO) in January 1995. The WTO took the place of GATT as its physical expand and since then it is the organization that supervises the worldwide rules of policies being kept by several countries towards international trade. It provides the round-table for negotiating global agreements to improve these rules. The governments that had signed GATT were known as GATT contracting parties. Since they signed the new WTO agreements, they officially became known as, WTO members (World Trade Organization).Today the WTO has 153 member countries and an overall budget of 189 million Swiss francs for 2009. The WTOs headquarters are in Geneva, Switzerland. The WTO is making decisions in some quite unusual processes. There are two primary models of decision-making: decision by consensus and decision by voting. For general decision-making, WTO kept on acting like GATT, in making decisions by consensus. In consensus decision-making, the minority will normally go along with the majority unless it has a serious objection (Matsushita, M., et al). Then the majority will not make decisions using voting but it will discuss the objections of the minority. This decision-making process is always taking a great deal of time. In the WTO, only when a decision cannot be taken by consensus there is usage of voting decision- making. In the Ministerial Conference and the General Council, decisions are taken by a majority of the votes cast, unless otherwise specified in the relevant WTO agreement (Matsushita, M., et al). There are several ways of looking at the WTO. Its an organization that seeks the liberalization of trade. It is a forum where governments can negotiate trade agreements. Fundamentally, it is a place where member countries try to sort out some trade problems they might be facing with each other. The first step is to discuss. The organization was born out of negotiations, and everything it does is offering the table on which, optimal solutions can be made. Its a place for governments to settle trade disputes. Regularly, incompatible interests are involved within trade relations. Agreements, including those thoroughly negotiated in the WTO, often need interpreting. The most harmonious way to settle these differences is through some neutral procedure based on an agreed legal foundation (World Trade Organization). That is the purpose behind the dispute settlement process written into the WTO agreements (World Trade Organization). It operates a system of trade rules. The WTO agreements, wh ich are negotiated and signed by the worlds trading countries, provide the legal essentials for international trade. They are fundamental contracts, that bind governments on keeping their trade policies within settled limits. Although the negotiations are being discussed and signed by governments, the main goal is to help exporters and importers as well as producers of goods and services, carry out their business. And all this, while governments will be able to meet social and environmental principles. The whole system has an overriding purpose to help trade flow without restraints, whenever possible, because this is something crucial for economic development and well-being. That partially means removing barriers. It also means ensuring that individuals, companies and governments know what the trade rules are around the world, and giving them the confidence that there will be no sudden changes of policy (World Trade Organization). In other words, the rules have to be clear and unsur prising. World Trade Organization is running under certain trade principles. According to these principles, the trading system should meet some requirements, such as, trade without discrimination, freer trade, predictability on trade issues by the governments, promotion of fair competition and encouragement of development and economic reform. Under the WTO agreements, countries are not allowed to discriminate between their trading associates. This principle is known as most-favoured nation (MFN) treatment (World Trade Organization). This principle suggests special treatment, but in fact it means non-discrimination. Imported and locally-produced goods should be treated equally at least after the foreign goods have entered the market. (World Trade Organization). Free trade is another aim of the WTO. This aim suggests lowering trade barriers through negotiation. This is one of the most clear ways to encourage trade. The multilateral trading system is an attempt by countries to make the business environment stable and predictable (World Trade Organization).WTO tries to improve predictability and stability through binding and transparency. With these factors stable, investment is encouraged, jobs are created and consumers can fully enjoy the benefits of competition. The organization also seeks on promoting fair competition while discouraging unjust practices such as export subsidies. The final principle under which the organization is running, is that trade should be more beneficial for less developed countries. The WTO is paying extra attention on the least-developed countries. All the agreements recognize that they must benefit from the greatest possible flexibility, and better-off members must make extra efforts to lower import barriers on least-developed countries exports (World Trade Organization). Nowadays, most of the WTOs members are developing countries. Because of their number, because they are gaining more importance in the global economy, and because they increasingly seek to trade as a crucial tool in their development efforts, they play an increasingly significant and vital role in the WTO. Developing countries are a group with very different concerns and views. The organization deals with the different needs of developing countries in several ways. First of all, the WTO agreements enclose special provisions on developing countries, providing them with special rights and special treatment than other members. For example, there might be some provisions, which allow developing countries to be treated more favourably by the developed countries, than the rest WTO members. In addition, the organization offers extra time for developing countries to accomplish their obligations. Moreover, it makes agreements that offer provisions, designed to increase trading opportunities fo r such countries, through greater market access. *Rounds of negotiations (2000) Through the years of their existence, GATT and WTO have started several rounds of negotiations to achieve the liberalization of trade and further reduction of tariffs and other policies standing against trade. These rounds are often lengthy, with an example being the Uruguay Round which lasted seven and a half years. Trade rounds can provide an important advantage. Instead of negotiating on a single issue, they offer a package approach to trade negotiations, which can sometimes turn to be more fruitful. This is a case, because the size of the package can imply more benefits for participants who can seek advantages across a wide range of issues. It can be easier for an agreement to be achieved, through trade-offs . This has political as well as economic implications. Developing countries and other less powerful participants, face a greater chance to influence the multilateral system in a trade round than in bilateral relationships with major trading nations (World Trade Organization). In December 1945, 15 countries had already started negotiations to decrease and bind customs tariffs. Considerable tariff reductions were accomplished in the first round, which took place in Geneva. This round, started on April 1947 and lasted for 7 months. By the time the deal was signed on 30 October 1947, the number of member countries had increased to 23. These negotiations achieved the signing of GATT and in addition, it resulted in 45,000 tariff concessions, affecting $10 billion of trade (World Trade Organization). For almost half a century, the GATTs basic legal principles remained much as they were in 1948 and efforts to reduce tariffs continued (World Trade Organization). This was achieved through the trade rounds, which were a series of multilateral negotiations. The leading steps forward in the liberalization of international trade, were achieved because of these rounds which were held under GATTs support. The next round, Annecy, started on April 1949 and finished 5 months later. 13 countries participated in these negotiations, which resulted in the exchange of some 5,000 tariff concessions by the countries (World Trade Organization). Negotiations continued in the Torquay round. They started on September 1950 and finished 8 months later. In Torquay, the result was that countries exchanged some 8,700 tariff concessions, cutting the 1948 tariff levels by 25% (World Trade Organization). 26 Countries continued negotiations in Geneva, on January 1956. The major subjects that were covered in this round were not only tariffs, but also the admission of Japan. Geneva II round of negotiations, achieved new reductions in tariffs of $2.5 billion (World Trade Organization). As did the Dillon Round in September 1960, from which, further tariff concessions that were worth $4.9 billion of world trade, were achieved (World Trade Organization). To achieve more extensive tariff reductions, the Kennedy Ro und (1963-1967), covered subjects not only on tariffs but also on anti-dumping. The 62 countries that participated in this round for 37 months, made the agreements so that the industrialized countries would use a formula to decrease all nonagricultural tariffs. The results from these agreements were substantial. They achieved tariff compromises worth $40 billion of world trade (World Trade Organization). In addition, the average tariff was decreased by 38 percent for non-agricultural imports into industrialized countries (World Trade Organization). The Tokyo Round started on September 1973 and lasted for 74 months. It included negotiations over tariffs, non-tariff measures and framework agreements. It achieved tariff reductions worth more than 300 billion dollars (World Trade Organization). Up to this point the achievement of all these negotiations is that they led to substantial reductions of tariffs, but on the other hand, they had let non-tariff barriers (NTBs) rise in importance. GATT members started discussing about NTBs in a more serious way. They tried to find ways of addressing these excluded sectors. This stood until the Uruguay Round successfully covered them. The Uruguay Round (1986-1994) kept on going, with usage of ways for cuts, with negotiated exceptions. It resulted on an agreement to allow full access for clothes and textiles from developing countries and intellectual property rights were extended. Furthermore governments agreed to limit their use of domestic content requirements. Industrialized countries nonagricultural tariffs fell by an average of 33 percent and 38 percent, respectively (World Trade Organization). The agreements also included new codes on customs, such as, import licensing and procedures, subsidies, safeguards and dumping. The last r ound of negotiations under the GATT was the most ambitious and most successful international economic negotiation since Bretton Woods (World Trade Organization). The World Trade Organisation was launched in 1995, and since then, it has held five Ministerial conferences. The Doha Ministerial in 2001, was marked by the core concern, that the multilateral trading system should benefit the developing countries which constitute about two thirds of the WTO members. The entire package is called the Doha Development Agenda (DDA). Key elements of the striving agenda include significant liberalization on trade of agricultural products, drop of nonagricultural trade tariffs, reductions of nonagricultural goods tariffs, trade in services liberalization, provision of assured access on low-cost medicines for developing nations, and refinement of rules, governing various NTBs. The Doha declaration tried to help developing countries to obtain a share in the growth of world trade according to the needs of their economic development. It pledged that, through two key routes. First of all, by reducing import tariffs it tried to improve market access to the North ern markets for developing countries. Furthermore by phasing out domestic and export subsidies. After failing to begin the new round at the WTO ministerial conference in Seattle in 1999, the next conference was in Doha, Qatar, in 2001. Developing countries were considering that the Uruguay Round was unfair for them. They incurred substantial costs by accepting the mandatory NTB rules and the mandatory protections of intellectual property, but their benefits of greater access of export markets in the industrialized countries were limited by the slow end to the VERs on clothing and textiles and by the lack of actual liberalization of agricultural trade. Developing country governments pushed for a development round and vowed to be more active in the negotiations (Pugel, 2009). A special agreement led to the Information Technology Agreement of 1996. Each country involved in the agreement (initially 23 countries) was obligated to eliminate tariffs on imports of information technology goods and software. By 2007, 70 countries had embraced this agreement, so that 97 percent of international trade in these products is now free of tariff. Second, the developing countries that have joined the WTO since 1995 minimized their actual tariff rates as a condition for joining and accepted bound rates equal to, or very close to, their actual rates. The Fifth Ministerial Conference in Cancà ºn, in September 2003, was proposed as a stock-taking conference where members would come to an agreement on how to complete the rest of the negotiations. But the meeting was soured by discord on agricultural issues and ended in deadlock on the Singapore issues (World Trade Organization). In 2003, member countries agreed to improve the rules on intellectual property to allow developing countries to import low-cost broad versions of patented drugs in health emergencies, however, there has been little progress. The major area of disagreement has been agriculture, for which, neither the United States nor the European Union has been willing to offer sufficient liberalization. The United States has resisted meaningful cuts in its subsidies to domestic agricultural production, and the European Union has been unwilling to offer sufficient cuts in tariffs and other barriers to agricultural imports. Without adequate progress on agriculture, the devel oping countries led by India and Brazil, have been unwilling to offer much in other areas of the agenda (Pugel, 2009). Further progress in narrowing members differences was made at the Hong Kong Ministerial Conference in December 2005, but some gaps remained unbridgeable and Director-General Pascal Lamy suspended the negotiations in July 2006 (World Trade Organization), though discussions continued at a less formal level. Efforts then focused on trying to achieve a breakthrough in early 2007 (World Trade Organization).

Social Stratification Essays -- Papers

Inequalities exist in all types of human society. Even in the simplest cultures where variations in wealth or property are non-existent, there are inequalities between individuals, men and women, the young and the old. A person may have a higher status than others because of a particular prowness at hunting, for instance, or because he or she is believed to have special access to the ancestral spirits. To describe inequalities, sociologists speak of Social Stratification. Social Stratification lies at the core of society and of the discipline of sociology. Social inequality is a fundamental aspect of virtually all-social processes and a person's position in the stratification system is the most consistent predictor of his/her behaviour, attitudes, and life chances. "Social Stratification is a characteristic of society, not simply a reflection of individual differences." Social Stratification persists over generations. Social Stratification is universal but not variable. It involve s not only inequality but also beliefs. 'It is useful to think of stratification as rather like the geological layering of rock in the earth's surface,' Societies can be seen as consisting of 'strata' in a hierarchy, with the more favoured at the top and the less privileged at the bottom." If we look back at the year 1912, when the Titanic sank, we can make a connection with social inequality for the way people lived back then. When we watched the blockbuster hit in 1997, we were shown how much of an impact that social inequality had on the lower class passengers. Women and children had the highest survival rate. Those who held a first class ticket, more than 60% of those survived because their cabins were on the upper decks. Only 1/3 of the third cla... ...ibility, and however imperfectly measured in the existing social classification. Of course, we recognise that in contemporary society, people are less likely spontaneously to describe their own experiences in the language of class. They search for more direct and specific determinants of their life chances to put alongside their recognition of class, and they recognise the independent part played by age, gender, and ethnicity. We do not, then, live in a 'classless' society, though we do live in a society whose members no longer spontaneously and unambiguously use the language of class as the obvious, taken-for-granted way of describing social inequalities. Class is not dead, but perhaps the monolithic social imagery of class has, indeed, had its day. It is this, which makes our society a functional one, and what will help shape it to be a stronger one in the future.

Unemployment Problem in Bangladesh

Date: February 15, 2013 Dr. Mahbub Sarfaraj Department of Management Kabi Nazrul Govt. college Dhaka Subject: Submission of Term Paper . Dear sir, It is a great pleasure and privilege the term titled â€Å"Impact Of Globalization In Economic Growth †. I have really enjoyed to prepare this report. I thing this report enrich my knowledge on impact of globalization in economic growth . There may be some mistake I think this mistake in the report will be kindly excused. With Thanks and best regards Sincerely Yours, Marium Akter Roll Number : 961 42 78Registration Number :165 23 59 Department of Management Kabi Nazrul Govt. Collage Student’s Declaration I hereby declare that the report of term paper namely â€Å"Impact of Globalization in Economic Growth† by me a comprehensive study of the Impact of Globalization of Economic Growth . I also declare that this paper is my original worked and prepared for academic purpose which is part of B. B. A. Marium Akter Roll Numbe r : 961 42 78 Registration Number :165 23 59 Department of Management Kabi Nazrul Govt. Collage Supervisor’s DeclarationI hereby declare that the concerned report entitled â€Å"The impact of globalization in the economic growth† original work by Marium Akter ; a student of BBA (Hons. ), Department of Management , Kabi Nazrul Govt. College , has completed term paper under my supervision and submitted for the partial fulfillment of the requirement of B. B. A at Kabi Nazrul Govt. College. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. Dr. Mahbub Sarfaraj Lecturer Department of Management Kabi Nazrul Govt. college Executive Summary After studying the theoretical concepts of topic, understanding its practical implication and application is the next step in the learning process. n the process writing this paper , I came to know about different aspects of export as well as the Saudi Arabian market that I have explored with the light of my little knowledge . I have chosen Unemployment Problem in Bangladesh to complete my project on. Bangladesh is trying to develop unemployment sector is one of the most promising one in this process. It will face competition there but it has come distinctive qualities which will face help it to establish itself as a prime sector. However, after all this human being ,I believe everyone is not beyond limitation .There might have problems regarding lacks and limitation in some aspect and also some minor mistake such as syntax error or typing mistake or lack of limitation please pardon for that mistake . Md. Rasel Roll Number : 961 42 77 Registration Number :165 23 58 Department of Management Kabi Nazrul Govt. Collage Table of Content Letter of transmittal01 Student’s Declaration02 Supervisor’s Declaration03 Executive Summary04 Introduction05 Objective10 The Nature11 Impact 12 Causes 14 Extent17 Type 19 Structural Unemployment 19 Frictional Unemployment 19 Cyclical Unemployment 19Seasonal Unem ployment 20 Possible solution to unemployment 20 Conclusion 21 Bibliography22 â€Å"Unemployment Problem in Bangladesh† Introduction Unemployment is a great problem in Bangladesh. Every year hundreds of thousands students are coming out from college and University. Though it is one of the major responsibility of the Government to provide job to those young generation but the Government is failed to meet the job demand among the large population. Only a tiny fraction of total jobless in managed by different government official and private organization but a majority remain unemployment.Historically for a long time British administration was the main cause of this problem. After ending Mughol regime when the British came in sub continent (India, Pakistan, Bangladesh)They started to do business ,They exploited the sub-continent. They did not establish any industry which is helpful to remove unemployment problem. Though some Industry was made but all them were placed in Indian Te rritory. So Bangladesh region was neglected from the British period. After ending British rule in 1947 Pakistan adopted the same rule they establish all kinds of Industry in west Pakistan not in East Pakistan .As a result of Pakistani monopoly rule we saw the freedom fighting war in 1971. After nine month continuous war it is divided and named East Pakistan as a Bangladesh. After 1971 Bangladesh has been facing political crisis badly. As a result no government can not take long term massive step to remove the unemployment problem. Within 41 years Bangladesh has experience about eight new government and two assassination Incident at the top level country leader. So now political crisis is one of the major causes of unemployment problems. Among other two major parties BNP and Aowamileague are busy to gain only political power.None of these parties are trying to do anything to solve the country’s major problems Unemployment problems. Many Asian developing countries are the brigh t example in the world who is successful to remove the unemployment problem successfully. Korea, Malaysia, Singapore are the news of them, They are growing rapidly because there is no political crisis, Government assured the foreign Investor about political clam environment. So many American, European and Japanese company are investing those regions spontaneously. AS a result they are developing very fast. Bangladesh Government and political leader should leer from those Asian countries.Recent attitude and activities of political parties are very hateful to the common people. By election if a party goes to power then another party cannot accept that, they do not go to parliament they do not express constructive opinion in the parliament which is helpful for common people . But they should not do it. May be there is some discrimination of the election result but there are overall acceptation for the common people. To think about greater welfare of the country they should keep patient , they should support the government to take long term step to remove unemployment problems.If we watch towards Japan, Korea, Malaysia what we will see? Due to industrialization they have changed a lot. Without industrialization no nation can expect strong economic basement and solution of unemployment problems. Political settlement the first and forecast thing for Bangladesh is, to build up industry to remove the unemployment problem. If they can assure the political clam and stable situation, then foreigner will to come invest manufacturing sector to build new industry. In this respect transportation, Road and Highway, Electricity should be reconstructed strongly otherwise everything will be failed.Specially Automobile and Electronics industry are the major items to intensify a country’s overall financial condition. Most of money is spent in this two sector. Lot of population can be employed in these industry. Because by surrounding a automobile or electronics industry hund reds supporting some industry will be build up. As result a lot of people will be employed. In this respect the Government should adopt a strong and strict policy about used car establishing automobile industry they should ban import of all used car. Used car is import is destroying the environment and employment opportunity.To intensify the overall industrialization our Ambassadors who are employed in different countries specially Japan, Korea,Malaysia and Singapora can help the government to adopt strong effective ,active successful police. Because are well known with those countries environment. Government and people they have practical and expert felling about the development policy in different sector of the respective country. We have already wasted a lot of time. We don’t want to live as the poorest and neglected nation in the world. We want our economic growth ,our honor. We have a lot of workforce lot of money in the bank.But due to proper utilization and proper plan ning we are staying in back. In this regard political leader, Intellectual industrialist, planner Ambassador, Teacher, Student and migrated generation in abroad should contribute achieve the economic progress. If we can take proper steps to obtain our economic growth, then we can remove our unemployment problem. God says if you want to love me try to love people first. If you believe in God you have to love people. Ask yourself according your ability an responsibility how much has you done to help country? 80% the people are living in rural.After a long struggle a village parents educate his children helped them to grownup. They help them to gain college and University degree. Rest duty is yours that is Government. Yes it is Government duty to provide job for our young generation. It is fundamental duty of a government to solve the problem of Unemployment. Objective The rice of unemployment, as has been reported to be case in Bangladesh under a recent study that was prepared by the planning commission for finding out the progress made by the country under the millennium Development goals (MDGs) programme of the United Nation, is a worrisome development.The rate of unemployment in Bangladesh, according to the study, has now risen to some 11 per cent from what was percent 8. 0 percent in 2002 and 204 percent in 1990. This is only official data. The unofficial but reliable estimates of unemployment are higher. Employment creation needs to be a very important objective in every economy for the simple reasons that unemployment persons pose a burden at every economy for the simple level in society. First of all, they are burdens for their families. Unemployment young ones eligible to work and not finding work are a source of agony for their families.Family resources are drained on the maintenance of unemployed young persons. In the overall economic sense, unemployment people are liabilities for te economy because they do not produce only consume. People who do jobs usually produce something or discharge a service and obtain an income in return for their economic activities. Thus, both unemployment and its milder form, underemployment, meaning less than optimum engagement in work, are highly undesirable for the economy and society. Employment means incomes and it is an no way possible to alleviate poverty without creating income-earning opportunities or jobs for those remain unemployment.It is, therefore, extremely important to put the greatest emphasis on maximizing employment opportunities through meaningful operationalisation of the strategy for poverty alleviation and sustainable development. For this, the government must pursue practical policies to give a stimulus to much greater investment in the economy so that more jobs can be created on a regular basis. The domestic economy may not expand, in the short run, sufficient and proportionality to provide jobs to the rising number of unemployed people.It, thus, serves the country’s pu rpose if efforts are made at same time to send people abroad with jobs. In the latter case, the benefits can be multiple. The pressure of the unemployment ones for jobs eases, foreign currencies are remitted in support of the foreign currency reserve and the country is also spared the parasitic existence of people without jobs. Considering all this factors, the government should pursue more energetic policies to help create synergy so that more investment takes places within the economy, on one side and more people can also be sent abroad with gainful jobs, on the other.Providing training at publicly –run training centre to impact effective training to young persons for jobs which have good demand abroad can be quite useful here, because the returns in remittances from skilled labour are substantially higher than unskilled one. For speeding up employment locally, action like making available training, advisory service, capital support and assistance to the country’s hu ge unemployment youth at grassroots level should merit a serious attention, in addition to other supportive public policies in areas of infrastructure faculties, investment-friendly regulatory reforms etc.Training and assistance, are, of course, Vital for expending the scope for self-employment opportunities, particularly in the dairies and livestock, poultry breeding, growing of novel agriculture products for export, etc. The policy objective should be pro-active here particularly for encouraging the labour intebsive sectors to maximize employment. The Nature Unemployment means the state of being without any work both for the educated and uneducated for earning one’s livelihood. Unemployment problem has become a great concern all over the world. But nowhere in the world, this problem is so acute as in Bangladesh.Thousand of people in our country are without any job. Cause of unemployment: Bangladesh, like other developing countries, suffer form large-scale disguised unemploy ment in the sense that, even with unchanged techniques of agricultural a large part of the population engaged in agricultural could be removed without reducing agricultural output. Beyond agriculture, disguised unemployment also exists in large industries, offices and organization, particularly in the public sector. Unemployment among the educated youths is one of the major problems in Bangladesh.The unemployment rate for the population having secondary certificate level education and above is significantly higher than those with a lower level education, The unemployment rate for educated women is higher compared to that for the male population. In Bangladesh salaried/wage employment in the formal sector is not big enough to take care of the huge number of unemployment. Employment promotion, especially , creation of opportunities, continues as the most important function of the Bureau of Manpower Employment and Training, The Fifth Five-year plan for 1997-2002 had set a target of cre ating additional employment of 6. 5 million persons . of this, a total of 1,60,000 persons expected to be engaged in emphasis had been given on training and credit support to women micro entrepreneurs in cottage industries and other traditional and non-traditional sectors including skill development for service industries and non-farm activities. The private sector and NGO’S are also playing a vital role to this end effect of unemployment problem. The efforts of rural-urban migration in Bangladesh are analyzed to identify a relationship between migration and unemployment, Poverty, unemployment and natural hazards appear to be the main reasons for the rural exodus.The preference for moving to a large city is found to be determined by the urban bias in planning both national and international authorities, and by the public amenities and resources available in the urban areas. An analysis of the levels and trends in urbanization reveals the notable role of rural-urban migration in the rapid growth of the urban population. Most migrants are young, unmarried males of working age. A case study of migrants in Dhaka city illustrates the reasons for and consequences of migration. It is concluded that rural-urban migration is mainly a survival strategy of rural poor. ImpactAccording to a study of the international Labour Organization (ILO), the rate of growth of unemployment in Bangladesh was 1. 9 per cent in the decade of the nineties. But the growth in unemployment currently is 3. 7 percent. The ILO Figures also show Bangladesh in the twelfth position among the top twenty countries in the world where unemployment is rising . The number of the unemployed in Bangladesh now is estimated at 30 million. The way the rate of unemployment is increasing, it is feared that at this rate unemployment would soar to some 60 million by 2015. According to another estimate, every year some 2. million young persons are becoming eligible for jobs whereas only about 0. 7 million o f them are getting unemployment. The number of the ‘disguised unemployment’ and economic term meaning underemployment people or employed to a degree less than their potential, in some 32 per cent. The huge number of the unemployed and the underemployed in workforce gives an idea of the number of the parasitic ones in the population. Employed persons not only consume from the economy but they also contribute to the economy through production activities and discharge of various services.The unemployed people in contrast only live of the economy or their families and society. They are an absolute burden on the state. Not only being liabilities in the economic sense, politically and socially they are considered to be a source of tension and turmoil. The linkage between unemployment and crimes is obvious. Therefore, all governments in Bangladesh will need to address the unemployment issue very seriously indeed before it turns worse. The recent floods and the devastating sido r storm plus the restructuring activities leading to retrenchment of workers form state operated enterprises, have added to the unemployment problems.Government will have to start up urgently different work programmers like road building and repairs, reconstruction oh infrastructures, etc. especially in the rural areas and continue them for sometime, to migrate the worst woes of the jobless ones at the grass road level. But for the medium and longer terms, the present interim government which is doing pathbreaking works in vital areas, should also adopt a plan of action of tackle unemployment. It can start such a plan and leave gradual implementation of it to successor government.Insufficient investment have been frustrating the creation of employment opportunities of Bangladesh. Government here needs to identify each of the factors that can contribute to a better investment climate. The same would include improvement of law and order, much lowering of the interest rate of borrowing , addition to and up gradation of infrastructures to be supportive of enterprising. Fiscal policies that create level playing fields for local entrepreneurs in relation to foreign competitors, fiscal incentives such as tax reduction and tax exemption, etc.Government will need to act imaginatively and effectively in relation to each of the above factors and more to improve the investment climate that in turn would accelerate economic activities and make the desired impact on the unemployment situation. However, there is also need to be clear about the policies to be pursued to create employment. New enterprise will absorb the unemployment. But capital intensive enterprise will employ a smaller number than labour intensive ones which will understandably employ a greater number. Thus, enterprise with labour intensive character should be identified and encouraged.Government can make a big contribution towards reducing unemployment by also building and operating a large number of trainin g institution to train the jobless ones in different vacation for them to be fit enough to take up employment in the country, to go abroad of doing job or to engage in self-employment. Government ample spending for skill development is all more necessary because private sector more prefer not to invest in this area out of consideration of law profits. The high costs of skill training under the private sector is also likely to exclude most seekers of such training on the ground of their inability to pay for the training.Thus, Government’s role of skill trainer is very important. But government can expect to recover the investment it will make in this area by receiving payments from people who would get jobs after such training. Causes Bangladesh, like other developing countries, suffers from large-scale disguised unemployment in the sense that, even with unchanged techniques of agriculture a large part of the population engaged in agriculture could be removed without reducing agricultural output. Beyond agricultural, disguised unemployment is also existing in large industries, offices and organizations, particularly in the public sector.Unemployment among the educated youths is one of major problems in Bangladesh. The unemployment rate for the population having secondary school certificate level education and above is significantly higher then those with a lower level of education. The unemployment rate for educated woman is higher compared to that for male population. . In Bangladesh salaried/wage employment in the formal sector is not big enough to take care of the huge number of unemployment. Employment promotion, especially , creation of opportunities, continues as the most important function of the Bureau of ManpowerEmployment and Training, The Fifth Five-year plan for 1997-2002 had set a target of creating additional employment of 6. 35 million persons . of this, a total of 1,60,000 persons expected to be engaged in emphasis had been given on train ing and credit support to women micro entrepreneurs in cottage industries and other traditional and non-traditional sectors including skill development for service industries and non-farm activities. The private sector and NGO’S are also playing a vital role to this end unemployment problems. Effect of Unemployment problems:The efforts of rural-urban migration in Bangladesh are analyzed to identify a relationship between migration and unemployment, Poverty, unemployment and natural hazards appear to be the main reasons for the rural exodus. The preference for moving to a large city is found to be determined by the urban bias in planning both national and international authorities, and by the public amenities and resources available in the urban areas. An analysis of the levels and trends in urbanization reveals the notable role of rural-urban migration in the rapid growth of the urban population.Most migrants are young, unmarried males of working age. A case study of migrants in Dhaka city illustrates the reasons for and consequences of migration. It is concluded that rural-urban migration is mainly a survival strategy of rural poor. According to a study of the international Labour Organization (ILO), the rate of growth of unemployment in Bangladesh was 1. 9 per cent in the decade of the nineties. But the growth in unemployment currently is 3. 7 percent. The ILO Figures also show Bangladesh in the twelfth position among the top twenty countries in the world where unemployment is rising .The number of the unemployed in Bangladesh now is estimated at 30 million. The way the rate of unemployment is increasing, it is feared that at this rate unemployment would soar to some 60 million by 2015. According to another estimate, every year some 2. 7 million young persons are becoming eligible for jobs whereas only about 0. 7 million of them are getting unemployment. The number of the ‘disguised unemployment’ and economic term meaning underemployment people or employed to a degree less than their potential, in some 32 per cent.The total civilian labour force of the country in 1996-1997 was estimate at 42. 97 million, of which 34. 7 million were male and 8. 27 million were female. These figures, However excluded the female labour force engaged in activities like poultry, livestock, paddy husking, preservation of food etc conducted in rural households and considered as domestic work rather than economic. Since 2000, the U. S manufacturing sector has lost nearly 25 percent of our total manufacturing workforce. Many of those jobs have gone to communist china, where toys for the U.S market are made is sweatshops by workers paid as little as 36 cents per hour and many white-collar jobs have gone to India where telephone operators cab be hired for $1 an hour. Leading economists are becoming willing to admit that their devotion to free trade was misplaced. Paul Samuelson, Nobel prize –winning economist and a dominating figure in U. S economics decades, faced reality before he died and admitted, â€Å"there is nothing in the theory that says trade is always a win-win for every group’’. Dr. Jerome coesi’s latest book, America for sale, is a superb explanation to help the public understand our current economic woes.He shows that free trade is turning America into a two-tiered country like many foreign countries, with few of the very rich and a lot of very poor, while the middle class loses big time. Extent According to a study of the international Labour Organization (ILO), the rate of growth of unemployment in Bangladesh was 1. 9 per cent in the decade of the nineties. But the growth in unemployment currently is 3. 7 percent. The ILO Figures also show Bangladesh in the twelfth position among the top twenty countries in the world where unemployment is rising. The number of the unemployed in Bangladesh now is estimated at 30 million.The way the rate of unemployment is increasing, it is fea red that at this rate unemployment would soar to some 60 million by 2015. According to another estimate, every year some 2. 7 million young persons are becoming eligible for jobs whereas only about 0. 7 million of them are getting unemployment. The number of the ‘disguised unemployment’ and economic term meaning underemployment people or employed to a degree less than their potential, in some 32 per cent. The total civilian labour force of the country in 1996-1997 was estimate at 42. 97 million, of which 34. 7 million were male and 8. 7 million were female. These figures, However excluded the female labour force engaged in activities like poultry, livestock, paddy husking, preservation of food etc conducted in rural households and considered as domestic work rather than economic. Index Mundi, a web based statistical data provider, the following chat has been published. This entry contains the percent of the labor force that is without jobs. Substantial underemployment m ight be noted. Bangladesh-Unemployment Rate (%) |Year |Unemployment Rate | |2000 |35. 2 | 2001 |35. 2 | |2002 |35 | |2003 |40 | |2004 |40 | |2005 |40 | |2006 |2. 5 | |2007 |2. 5 | |2008 |2. 5 | |2009 |2. 5 | |2010 |5. 1 | |2011 |4. | |2012 |4. 8 | Types Economics break unemployment down into three distinct varieties- structural, Frictional and Seasonal. Below we will examine each type of unemployment to see how they differ. Structural Unemployment The glossary of Economics defines Structural Unemployment as: â€Å"Structural unemployment is an unemployment that comes form there being an absence of demand for workers that are available†. There are two major reasons that cause of absence of demand for workers in a particular industry: 1.Change in Technology. 2. Change in Tastes. Frictional unemployment: The Glossary of Economics defines Frictional Unemployment as: â€Å"Frictional unemployment is unemployment that comes from people moving between jobs, careers and locationâ₠¬ . Source of Frictional unemployment include the following: 1. People entering the workforce from school. 2. People re-entering the workforce after raising school. 3. People changing un-employers due to quitting or being fired. 4. People changing careers due to changing interest. 5. People moving to a new city and being unemployed when they arrive.Seasonal Unemployment : Seasonal unemployment is unemployment due to change in the season-such as a lack of demand of department store santa clauses in January. Seasonal unemployment is a form of structural unemployment, as the structure of the economy changes from month to month. Possible solution to unemployment In order to eliminate this problem. We have to mobilize all our energies to this grade purpose without west in time. The most essential measure industrialization. A large number of mills, factories in industries should be setup where money of our youths we get opportunity to work.A grade change should be brought in our educatio n system. More importance should be given on professional, vocational and technical education. These will make a opening to work in different industrial sector both home abroad. The educated youth should change their attitude to life. They must learn to choose independent carrier. They can start small business. In fact self employment in possible solution to this great problem. it is very effective to search jobs on various freelance. Web sites and get desired jobs easily.Step should be taken to setup property farming, cottage, industries and to open new system of public work to create a job for unemployment people. Exporting manpower can solve this problem to a little extent. If proper measurement is taken this number can easily be increased. But no attempts will dear any fruit unless effect measure are taken to keep the population growth under control. Conclusion in the prime minister questions-answer session on February 17, Prime minister Sheikh Hasina disclosed in the house her government’s plan to bring down unemployment rate to 15% from the existing 40% by the year 2021.She listed the programs that her government at already undertaken for employment generation to remove the cause of employment these include, imparting technical training to unemployment youth’s through 38 technical training centre, building 30 more technical training centre in this districts with no such centers and upgrading syllabus of 23 courses run by the manpower, employment and training bureau of international standards keeping in mind the demand of international recruiters. In the latest labour force survey (LFS) 2005-2006 published in 2008 of Bangladesh bureau statistics.The countries labour force (15 years+ population) stood at 84. 6 million. in the LFS of 2002-2003 it stood 80. 8 millions. The populations below the age of 15 years falls into the category of child population and can not as per law be treated as labour force. Even if we stick to the 2005-2006 LFS fig ure of 84. 6 million. Secondly, according to the LFS 2005-2006 the annual labor force growth rate for the period 2000-2003 to 2005-06 stood at 2. 21 percent which is higher than the annual population growth rate. Have we been able to increase job opportunities at the above growth rate of force.Thirdly, when the rate of unemployment in the united states is hovering around 10 % (9. 7 % in January,2010) The important of timely and reliable information can hardly be over-emphasized the basis for this information is nationally produce statistic. Statistic provide information or evidence needed for the government daily administration and policy analysis in view of what has been started above. It is high time to as certain the correct rate unemployment in the country and it must be free from political bias in the generator national interest.Bibliography The Cause of unemployment (Written by Murtaza ali Page no 24, 25, 26) Text Sociology Written by Gorge fayel ( page 13, 14) Unemployment- p roblem-is-a-great-concern-in Bangladesh (Written by Prof. Abdul Aziz Chapter -5, page 56, 57, 58. ) Unemployment-Problem in Bangladesh (Written by Prabir Ray page 9, 10, 11) http://www. oppaper. com/essays/the-causes-of-Unemployment/529084 http://bangladesh2day. com/newsfinance/2010/march/2/Ascertaining-unemployment-rate-php http://www. financialexpress-bd. com/search_index. php?Page=detail_news&news_id=23491 http://www. goarticles. com/article/unemployment-problem-in-Bangladesh/2784210/ A Term Paper On Impact of Globalization In Economic Growth Under The Guidance of and Supervision of Dr. Mahbub Sarfaraj Lecturer of Management Kabi Nazrul Govt. College Dhaka Submitted By Marium Akter Roll Number : 961 42 78 Registration Number :165 23 59 Department of Management Kabi Nazrul Govt. Collage ———————– Kabi Nazrul Government College Dhaka Dhaka Kabi Nazrul Government College Dhaka, Bangladesh

Game Changer

Game-changer essay EDD8102–Foundations of Leadership and Management II Introduction Establishing a disciplined, repeatable, and scalable innovation process, creating organizational and funding mechanisms that support innovation, and demonstrating the kind of leadership necessary for profitable top-line growth as well as cost reduction is essential for sustainability. Whether in the business arena or the world of education, life as an organization depends on the people that are served by the organization.Teachers need to be providing each individual student with opportunities for relevant and rigorous academic growth based on their abilities–this is why the student is boss. A students needs, abilities, and prior knowledge will dictate to a dedicated teacher how and what they need to teach. Administrators are there to ensure teachers have the resources they need, but also to pacify unsatisfied or belligerent parents. The P & G principle of â€Å"Customer is Boss† G one are the days of selling by yelling and distraction over attraction. The challenge of today’s organization is to be connecting and be connected with emotion.It’s not enough to embrace or touch – that’s a one way street. An organization has to cross the center line now and go deep. One will have to live with consumers. At P&G, â€Å"Making the consumer the boss is a promise to identify with her, to respect and serve her, and to take her needs and wants seriously. † (Charan, R. , & Lafley, A. G. 2008) At P&G they are not just conducting â€Å"bubble in the circle that best reflects how you feel† surveys. The folks at Proctor and Gamble are stepping outside of their lives and comfort zone to experience the reality of their consumer.Often times, this means going to a different part town or of the world and going into a lower socioeconomic class to discover the consumers wants and needs. Advertising is a small part of schematic—making t he product appealing to the consumer is important, but P&G is moving beyond that to create new products especially for the needs of the consumer. This concept of molding to the needs of the consumer, is what effective teaching with differentiating strategies is all about. â€Å"Customer is Boss† in an educational settingTeachers have a professional responsibility to identify their learners' needs and develop appropriate pedagogical responses. Pedagogical responsibilities require teachers to have the necessary professional knowledge and skills, and teachers are also accountable to their students. That accountability is inherent in the teacher/student relationship. Some teachers are, no doubt, unskilled and uninformed. Some may abuse their power; however, that is not because they have students and not clients. Calling students â€Å"clients† will not change in any way the relationship they have with their teachers.Teachers have power. How they wield it has nothing to do with the label attached to all those faces in front of them. Teachers must insist on learner-centeredness. The educational organization must insist on qualified and effective instructors using current methods and materials. Regular monitoring of learner progress and regular feedback to learners on their progress is essential to growth and serving the student. The public school as an organization takes learners the community, and does not make decisions on the basis of their ability to pay. Nor can they â€Å"cream† and select only the best students.Challenges and risks If the â€Å"Consumer is the Boss† is really an organization’s mantra, how can they be challenged to think ahead? Breakthrough innovation would not happen. Customers, and students, are thinking about â€Å"now†Ã¢â‚¬â€œthe problems they are experiencing on a day to day basis. Indeed that is important for companies and teachers to think about, however the â€Å"Change the World† opport unity of breakthrough innovation stems from idealizing customers and envisioning problems and better solutions. Place the customer center stage, but stretch your imagination about making them stars.The â€Å"school grade† method of accountability has led to increasing commercialization of the educational undertaking which is also reflected in the culture at large. Allowing parents to remove a student from their designated school because of a low school grade and enroll them into another was supposed to be a way to motivate teachers and administrators into doing a â€Å"better† job. Instead, this competitive component has added a level of paperwork, stress, and mandatory extracurricular for instructors handed down by stressed out administrators that do know how to solve the problem.In most contexts, the learners lack power, because of age or socioeconomic status. In state or private educational institutions, parents pay the state (through taxation) or the private school , which then pays the teachers – making it difficult to connect learners with the pay check. The state system in particular creates the illusion of free education – which takes even the parents out of the financial-transaction picture. Because of this, teachers may feel that they are answerable only to the school or the educational system, and in some cases they may even feel free to pursue their own personal version of ‘education'.In the same contexts, teachers have the power to award grades, write reports and pass/fail students. The view of learners as clients radically re-adjusts the balance of power. For those who have had freelance experience and have taught professionals, either one-to-one or in-company, this view is self-evident. For those with school-type experience, the shift in balance may come as a shock. The potential risk arises, just as some teachers have abused their power, so will some learner-clients.But this doesn't change the fact that teachers provide a paid service, which makes the recipients of this service, and their ‘sponsors', clients. The way to go about it is for some sort of contract to be drawn, so that both sides can assume their responsibilities and exercise their rights. Opportunities and rewards At P&G, employees take the opportunity to live with the consumer. From an educational point of view, knowing your customer intimately is essential to classroom success and can assist a teacher with creating an appropriate, holistic academic plan for each student.Effective teachers scaffold students reading and writing (Tompkins, 2010) comes from the idea there are different support levels that teachers offer to students. This support is based on the individual student’s zone of proximal development. In interactive writing, the teacher helps groups of students compose and write text together. With guidance from the teacher, individual students take turns writing, as classmates offer ideas and suggestions. Students practice writing strategies and skills modeled by the teacher, including letter formation, phonemic awareness and phonics, and concepts about print.One reward of creating a differentiated academic plan based on student need is watching their growth and success rates accelerate as they can handle more challenging content without getting frustrated. Another reward of having intimate knowledge of a student’s life is knowing how to help them. Is there violence at home? Is the student responsible for taking care of younger siblings? Is English the primary language spoken at home? Does the student have access to homework/study help?Also, there is a difference in the teacher that is a parent who has lived through homework on the same night at the kids’ ballet or baseball practice than the teacher who is single and wondering why Wednesday night’s homework was not done and the student is sleepy at school on Thursday. Letting the student’s abilities and p rior knowledge guide how and what you teach them, will reduce a lot of frustration for both the student and teacher. Giving a student work that is too challenging or beyond them will create tension and feelings incompetency. Keeping a student appropriately engaged and challenged will allow them the most success.Conclusion Self-Assessment I am the first teacher that students meet when they are ushered into the public school system. I personally feel that it is my job to catch the lower students and close the achievement gap before it becomes an overwhelming problem in later years. Purpose and Rationale As a new teacher, I would like to take this opportunity to research different teaching methods and techniques and the impact on my students. This is a great time to conduct such research because I will have a fresh batch of students waiting for me to excite and inspire them.I will collect data such as a beginning assessment and monitor progress, keeping a log of how students respond to different interventions. Part of the process will be to research what interventions are available to me. References Charan, R. , & Lafley, A. G. (2008). The customer is boss. Tn The Game-changer: How you can drive revenue and profit growth with innovation (pp. 33-68). New York, NY: Crown Books. ISBN: 9780307381736. Tompkins, G. E. (2010). Literacy for the 21st century: A balanced approach (5th ed. ). Boston, MA: Pearson Education, Inc.

Should You Go to College 4 Pros and 3 Cons

Should You Go to College 4 Pros and 3 Cons SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips The decision to attend college is a big one. Getting a college degree takes time: at least four years for most people. Getting a college degree also costs money: tens of thousands of dollars for most people. You might be asking yourself, "Is it worth it? Should I go to college?" In this article, I'll explain the benefits of going to college and detail some of the potential drawbacks. Furthermore, I'll give you all the information you need to decide whether or not you should pursue a college degree. 4 Major Benefits of Going to College Going to college can make you richer, happier, and healthier- sounds good to me! Here, we take a look at the four biggest benefits of attending college. #1: There Are Many Financial and Career Benefits Let's start by considering the financial advantages of a college education. In 2015, college graduates with a bachelor’s degree earned 56% more per year than those with a high school diploma or its equivalent. In addition, according to the Bureau of Labor Statistics, the median weekly earnings in 2017 for those with a bachelor's degree was $1,173, compared with $836 for those with an associate degree and $712 for those with only a high school diploma. Here's one of the most cited statistics that shows the benefits of a college education: a person with a bachelor’s degree will, on average, earn almost $1 million more over the course of her lifetime than somebody with just a high school diploma will. While I don't think money should be the biggest priority in anyone's life, there's no doubt that a higher salary will give you more opportunities, alleviate stress, and allow you to more easily support a family. Moreover,college-educated Millennials have much lower unemployment and poverty rates. According to a Pew Research study in 2013, 12.2% of Millennials aged 25-32 with just a high school diploma were unemployed, whereas a much lower 3.8% of those with at least a bachelor's degree were unemployed. In addition, those who attended college are more likely to get married and less likely to be living in their parents' homes.Statistics indicate that attending college has more economic benefits for Millennials than it did for previous generations. Going to college might be more important now than ever before! Finally, a college degree is required for many entry-level jobs.According to a study done by the Georgetown Public Policy Institute, by 2020, 65% of jobs will require postsecondary education and training beyond high school, and 35% of jobs will require at least a bachelor’s degree. As you can see, there are tons of financial benefits to getting a bachelor's degree. But what about the professional advantages? In college, you can make connections that will help you land a good job after you graduate. Experts estimate that70%-80% of jobs aren’t advertised publicly.Often, you simply have to know the right people to secure employment. Many companies also offer internship programs to college students that can lead to full-time employment after you graduate. Furthermore,most colleges offer free career counselingand can put you in touch with employers and alumni who can help you find a job. Colleges will often have job fairs as well,where recruiters come to campus looking for qualified students to work for their companies.These fairs give you an opportunity to form relationships with company representatives who can assist you professionally. Lastly, many of your peers will probably go on to professional success. Your college friends might one day be able to offer you a job, refer you for a job, or make a lucrative business deal with you.As a college student,you'll (likely) be surrounded by many motivated, talented people who, in the future, will want to work with those they know and trust- and this could very well include you. #2: You Get to Explore Your Interests College opens up a whole new world to you academically.In high school, you generally only have a choice of a handful of elective classes, but in college you can literally choose from among hundreds of classes and majors. While there are core requirements at most colleges, for the most part, you can decide what you want to study and take classes in subjects you want to learn more about.Many students are able to spark academic passions in college. You could take classes in anthropology, psychology, sociology, microbiology, or osteology.I have several friends and former students who were inspired by college classes that positively changed the course of their academic and professional lives. Also, while in college, you'll have the chance to pursue tons of extracurriculars and opportunities you might not otherwise have done. These activities can become lifelong passions, help you form meaningful relationships, and even prepare you for a future job. For example, you could write for the campus newspaper, or you could be aDJ for the school radio station.You could dance for a hip-hop group, or join acampus organization that provides tutoring to underprivileged kids. You could help build houses for those in need.You could work on political campaigns or join groups that advocate for various social issues. The choice is yours! Howard Stern started his career working at the radio station at Boston University. #3: You'll Have Fun and Make Friends Almost everybody I know thoroughly enjoyed their college experience. Too often people discount the importance of fun when it comes to education, and some of my best memories and most fun times are from my college years. On a college campus, you can attend parties, plays, sporting events, and concerts; you can also create your own random fun with your peers. Most schools bring exciting events and speakers to their campuses, too. Colleges will often host famous musicians and comedians. For example,The Weeknd has performed shows at Syracuse, Northeastern, Lafayette College, and the University of Minnesota, while Drake has performed at numerous colleges, including Howard, SUNY Purchase, and the University of Kentucky. Besides entertainers,world-renowned academics and political figures often give speeches on college campuses.Hillary Clinton made appearances at Philander Smith College in Little Rock and Morningside College in Sioux City, whereas Ben Carson spoke at Alma College in Michigan. Colleges will also sponsor parties and other on-campus events that are just meant to be fun and facilitate social interaction.At Stanford, there’s a tradition known as Full Moon on the Quad. On the first full moon of the school year, students gather in the quad, and the seniors welcome the freshmen by kissing them. There’s a lot of kissing. It might not be hygienic, but it's memorable. Most of my closest friends are people I met during college.In college, you get to befriend people from all over the US and even other countries.A big part of the college experience is having the opportunity to learn from and interact with people from diverse backgrounds. Overall, you have the chance to study, live, party, and participate in extracurricular activities with your peers. There will probably be no other time in your life when you get to spend as much time with your friends, and the amount of quality time you get to spend with them will form the foundation for meaningful lifelong friendships. #4: It Gives You Space for Self-Improvement For many students, college is the first time in their lives they’re not living at home. During college, they learn to be self-sufficient.They learn domestic skills and budgeting- even how to motivate themselves without parental encouragement.At the same time, most college students can still go home or call home if they’re in need of some money or advice. Many of the people I know who didn’t go to college remained at home for at least a couple of years after high school. Though they had more freedom than they did during high school, their routines and mindsets didn’t change nearly as drastically as those of my friends who went to college.In my experience, even students who live at home and commute to college experience more growth than those who bypass college. Whether you go to an in-state or out-of-state school, your college will likely expose you to a new city and environment.I grew up in California, but Stanford (my alma mater) was a six-hour drive from where I lived. I was able to experience life in Northern California and the San Francisco Bay Area, which has a different vibe, culture, and climate from Los Angeles. I enjoyed living in the bay, and I’m grateful that I was able to have the opportunity to live in a different environment. Furthermore, most colleges have study abroad programs that can give you a chance to take classes in countries around the world. At Emerson College, you can spend a semester in a 14th-century medieval castle in The Netherlands.At the University of Chicago, you can studyabroad in Paris, Beijing, Barcelona, Berlin, Kyoto, Bologna, Cairo, Istanbul, Jerusalem, Edinburgh, Hong Kong, London, Oaxaca, Vienna, Milan, and a few other places, too. You can learn about the world by traveling and studying in countries around the world. Finally, people who go to college tend to be healthier.According to a CDC report, people with a bachelor’s degree live about nine years longer than people without one.They’re also less likely to smoke and more likely to exercise. Similarly, according toa study published by the American Journal of Public Health, people who get a bachelor’s degree after 25 years of age exhibit fewer depressive symptoms and have better self-rated health at midlife. College and apples are good for your health. 3 Possible Disadvantages of Attending College Even though attending college can offer you many benefits, there are potential drawbacks. Note that you only get many of the benefits of going to college if you're able to graduate. A 2019 NPR article reported that only 58% of students who enrolled in college as first-time students in the fall of 2012 had earned a degree. Now, let's take a look at the three biggest cons of attending college. #1: There's the Risk of High Costs and Potential Debt College is really, really expensive, with costs continuing to rise, and many college graduates are burdened with astronomical student loan debt. The College Board estimates that the average cost of attendance for an in-state public college for 2018-19 is $10,230, whilethe cost of attendance for a private college averages $35,830. Remember, though, that most students receive financial aid that covers at least part of the cost of attendance if they demonstrate financial need. Unfortunately, many students don’t receive the aid they need to fully cover the costs. As a result, they take on unsubsidized student loansto finance their college education.Sadly,student loan debtincreased from $260 billion in 2004 to $1.5 trillion in 2019. Average debt per student in the class of 2017 was $28,650- that's a pretty staggering amount. Overall, student loan debt can dramatically impact your life after your graduate. It can affect the jobs you take and cause you to delay buying a house or starting a family. #2: The Financial Benefits of College Might Be Overstated The claim that college graduates earn $1 million more in their lifetimes might actually be skewed by graduates from top universities. A 2018 study by PayScale.com found that there are only five schools (out of 1,878 four-year schools) at which earning a college degree can get you a $1 million return on investment. Basically, the reported number that college graduates make $1 million more over the course of their professional lives is not that accurate. Moreover, it's important to note that while most people are in college, they’re not working or only working part-time.So in addition to the financial costs and debts you're incurring while in college, you probably won’t be able to get the salary you could be making from working a full-time job during the four to six years you’re in school. #3: College Might Not Actually Make You Smarter The last con of attending college is that going to one might not actually increase your intelligence. A 2011 studyfoundthat 45% of 2,322 traditional-aged college students studied from 2005 to 2009 made no significant improvement in their critical thinking, reasoning, or writing skills during the first two years of college. After four years, 36% showed no significant gains. Given the cost of attending college, you'd hope that higher education would have a dramatically positive effect on these skills for all students- but this might not actually be the case. Should IGo to College? How toMaketheRight Choice for You Admittedly, I’m somewhat biased because I’ve spent years stressing the importance of attending college to high school students. However, I do recognize that college might not be for everyone. Other than the pros and cons of college I mentioned previously, here are some additional factors to consider when deciding whether or not to attend college. Very Few College Graduates Regret Going to College The vast majority of college graduates are glad they went to college.Many college grads have debt and some have a job they could have gotten without their degrees, but very few people regret going to college. According to 2012 datafrom the Heldrich Center for Workforce Development at Rutgers, only 3% of college graduates from 2006-2011 wish they had not gone to college. You’ll Have More Options With a College Degree You might be planning to enter a trade that doesn’t require a college degree and will provide you with a good salary and benefits.However, if you end up deciding that you don’t like that field after a few years and you don’t have a college degree, your employment options will be limited. Also, if you take up a trade that requires physical labor and you suffer an injury, you might struggle to find work without a college degree. There Are Ways to Pay for College You might be turned off by college because of how much you think it will cost you. But remember that you might not know your out-of-pocket expenses until you get accepted to college and get a financial aidpackage. In reality, there are manygrants and scholarships that can alleviate the financial burden and make college more affordable for you. You Might Not Need College If You’re Already Successful If you’re one of those rare people who has already achieved tremendous professional success before attending college, then going to college might not benefit you much financially. For instance, say you get drafted in the first round of the draft by Major League Baseball and are offered a multi-million dollar signing bonus. Nobody would fault you for bypassing college. After all, you can always take college classes in the off-season or get your degree when you're done with your playing career. If you’re a mini Mark Zuckerberg or starring in your own sitcom, going to college might not lead to a higher income or a better job after you graduate. Bill Gates and Miley Cyrus were able to do OK professionally without college degrees! You Might Not Be Academically Inclined Most people are capable of doing college-level work if they’re motivated and apply themselves. That being said, some people just detest school or don’t have the aptitude to do well in a college environment. Keep in mind, though, that college gives you so much more freedom than high school to explore your academic interests and find the fields in which you can excel. Similarly, if there's a subject that confuses you and that you absolutely abhor, you can probably avoid taking classes in it in college. wecometolearn/Flickr Conclusion: Should You Go to College or Not? There's no denying that college offers many financial, professional, and personal benefits. Numerous studies have shown that college graduates have far better financial and job prospects than those who don't attend college. What's more, few people regret going to college despite the tremendous amount of student debt and the less-than-ideal economy. If you're worried about the cost of attendance, make sure you know about financial aid and how to limit your debt when you graduate. College is an investment that pays off for the vast majority of people who graduate. Admittedly, some people don't need college to achieve their personal or professional goals. While you can of course be successful without a college degree, college graduates tend to fare better. If you're considering college, make the decision that will benefit you the most now and in the future. What's Next? Decided you want to go to college? Then take the first step and find out how to apply. If you don't think you'll be able to get into college, check out these open admission colleges and these colleges with the highest acceptance rates. If you still need to take the SAT or ACT for college,take a look at our ultimate SAT study guide and ultimate ACT study guideto learn more about the tests and what you'll need to know to ace them. Want to improve your SAT score by 160 points or your ACT score by 4 points?We've written a guide for each test about the top 5 strategies you must be using to have a shot at improving your score. Download it for free now:

The Deccan Plateau in Southern India

The Deccan Plateau in Southern India The Deccan Plateau is an extremely large plateau located in Southern India. The plateau covers a vast majority of the Southern and central parts of the country. The plateau extends over eight separate Indian states, covering a wide range of habitats, and it is one of the longer plateaus in the world. Deccan’s average elevation is around 2,000 feet. The word Deccan comes from the Sanskrit word of ‘Dakshina’, which means south. Location and Characteristics The Deccan Plateau is located in Southern India in-between two mountain ranges: the Western Ghats and the Eastern Ghats. Each rise from their respective coasts and eventually converge to produce a triangle-shaped tableland atop the plateau. The climate on some parts of the plateau, especially the Northern areas, is much drier than that of the nearby coastlands. These areas of the plateau are very arid, and do not see much rain for periods of time. Other areas of the plateau however are more tropical and have distinct, different wet and dry seasons. The river valley areas of the plateau tend to be densely populated, as there is ample access to water and the climate is conducive to living. On the other hand, the dry areas in-between the river valleys are often largely unsettled, as these areas can be too arid and dry. The plateau has three principal rivers: the Godavari, the Krishna, and the Kaveri. These rivers flow from the Western Ghats on the western side of the plateau eastward toward the Bay of Bengal, which is the largest bay in the world. History The history of the Deccan is largely obscure, but it is known to have been an area of conflict for much of its existence with dynasties fighting for control. From the Encyclopedia Britannica: â€Å"The Deccan’s early history is obscure. There is evidence of prehistoric human habitation; low rainfall must have made farming difficult until the introduction of irrigation. The plateau’s mineral wealth led many lowland rulers, including those of the Mauryan (4th–2nd century  bce) and Gupta (4th–6th centuryce) dynasties, to fight over it. From the 6th to the 13th century, the Chalukya, Rastrakuta , Later Chalukya , Hoysala , and Yadava families successively established regional kingdoms in the Deccan, but they were continually in conflict with neighboring states and recalcitrant feudatories. The later kingdoms also were subject to looting raids by the Muslim  Delhi sultanate, which eventually gained control of the area. In 1347 the Muslim BahmanÄ « dynasty established an independent kingdom in the Deccan. The five Muslim states that succeeded the BahmanÄ « and divided its territory joined forces in 1565 at the Battle of Talikota to defeat Vijayanagar, the Hindu empire to the south. For most of their reigns, however, the five successor states formed shifting patterns of alliances in an effort to keep any one state from dominating the area and, from 1656, to fend off incursions by the Mughal Empire to the north. During the Mughal decline in the 18th century, the Marathas, the nizam of   Hyderabad , and the Arcot nawab vied for control of the Deccan. Their rivalries, as well as conflicts over succession, led to the gradual absorption of the Deccan by the British. When India became independent in 1947, the princely state of Hyderabad resisted initially but joined the Indian union in 1948.† The Deccan Traps The northwestern area of the plateau consists of many separate lava flows and igneous rock structures known as the Deccan Traps. This area is one of the largest volcanic provinces in the world.